fix(openclaw): check podmanPath executability and note singleton mutation

- validator: after existsSync, accessSync(X_OK) so a non-executable file
  fails fast at save time with a clear 400 instead of a cryptic spawn
  error later. Added a matching route test.
- applyPodmanOverrides: one-line comment flagging the intentional
  module-level PodmanRuntime singleton mutation so future readers know
  this is by design, not an accident.

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -30,12 +30,54 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - suite: tools
-            test_path: tests/tools
-            junit_path: test-results/tools.xml
-          - suite: integration
-            test_path: tests/server.integration.test.ts
-            junit_path: test-results/integration.xml
+          - suite: server-agent
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:agent)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-agent.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: server-api
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:api)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-api.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: server-skills
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:skills)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-skills.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: server-tools
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:tools)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-tools.xml
+            needs_browser: true
+          - suite: server-browser
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:browser)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-browser.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: server-integration
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:integration)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-integration.xml
+            needs_browser: true
+          - suite: server-sdk
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:sdk)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-sdk.xml
+            needs_browser: true
+          - suite: server-root
+            command: (cd apps/server && bun run test:root)
+            junit_path: test-results/server-root.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: agent
+            command: bun run test:agent
+            junit_path: test-results/agent.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: eval
+            command: bun run test:eval
+            junit_path: test-results/eval.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: agent-sdk
+            command: bun run test:agent-sdk
+            junit_path: test-results/agent-sdk.xml
+            needs_browser: false
+          - suite: build
+            command: bun run test:build
+            junit_path: test-results/build.xml
+            needs_browser: false
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
@@ -48,6 +90,7 @@ jobs:
         run: bun ci
 
       - name: Resolve BrowserOS cache key
+        if: matrix.needs_browser == true
         id: browseros-cache-key
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
@@ -62,6 +105,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "key=browseros-appimage-${{ runner.os }}-$cache_key" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Restore BrowserOS cache
+        if: matrix.needs_browser == true
         id: browseros-cache
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
@@ -69,13 +113,14 @@ jobs:
           key: ${{ steps.browseros-cache-key.outputs.key }}
 
       - name: Download BrowserOS
-        if: steps.browseros-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        if: matrix.needs_browser == true && steps.browseros-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: |
           mkdir -p .ci/bin
           curl -fsSL "$BROWSEROS_APPIMAGE_URL" -o .ci/bin/BrowserOS.AppImage
           chmod +x .ci/bin/BrowserOS.AppImage
 
       - name: Prepare BrowserOS wrapper
+        if: matrix.needs_browser == true
         run: |
           mkdir -p .ci/bin
           cat > .ci/bin/browseros <<'EOF'
@@ -96,16 +141,23 @@ jobs:
           BROWSEROS_BINARY: ${{ github.workspace }}/packages/browseros-agent/.ci/bin/browseros
           BROWSEROS_TEST_HEADLESS: "true"
           BROWSEROS_TEST_EXTRA_ARGS: --no-sandbox --disable-dev-shm-usage
+          BROWSEROS_JUNIT_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/packages/browseros-agent/${{ matrix.junit_path }}
         run: |
           set +e
           mkdir -p test-results
-          cd apps/server
-          bun run test:cleanup
-          bun --env-file=.env.development test "${{ matrix.test_path }}" --reporter=junit --reporter-outfile="../../${{ matrix.junit_path }}"
+          ${{ matrix.command }}
           exit_code=$?
-          cd ../..
           if [ ! -f "${{ matrix.junit_path }}" ]; then
-            cat > "${{ matrix.junit_path }}" <<EOF
+            if [ "$exit_code" = "0" ]; then
+              cat > "${{ matrix.junit_path }}" <<EOF
+          <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+          <testsuites tests="0" failures="0">
+            <testsuite name="${{ matrix.suite }}" tests="0" failures="0">
+            </testsuite>
+          </testsuites>
+          EOF
+            else
+              cat > "${{ matrix.junit_path }}" <<EOF
           <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
           <testsuites tests="1" failures="1">
             <testsuite name="${{ matrix.suite }}" tests="1" failures="1">
@@ -115,6 +167,7 @@ jobs:
             </testsuite>
           </testsuites>
           EOF
+            fi
           fi
           echo "exit_code=$exit_code" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 **/.DS_Store
+**.auctor/**
+.auctor.json
 .gcs_entries
 **/dmg
 **/env

packages/browseros-agent/apps/agent/entrypoints/app/agents/AgentsPage.tsx

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import type {
-  BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-  BrowserOSRoleBoundary,
-} from '@browseros/shared/types/role-aware-agents'
 import {
   AlertCircle,
+  ChevronDown,
+  ChevronRight,
   Cpu,
   Loader2,
   MessageSquare,
@@ -35,55 +33,19 @@ import {
   SelectTrigger,
   SelectValue,
 } from '@/components/ui/select'
-import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
 import { useLlmProviders } from '@/lib/llm-providers/useLlmProviders'
 import { AgentChat } from './AgentChat'
 import { AgentTerminal } from './AgentTerminal'
+import { getOpenClawSupportedProviders } from './openclaw-supported-providers'
 import {
   type AgentEntry,
   type OpenClawStatus,
-  type RoleTemplateSummary,
   useOpenClawAgents,
   useOpenClawMutations,
-  useOpenClawRoles,
   useOpenClawStatus,
+  usePodmanOverrides,
 } from './useOpenClaw'
 
-const OAUTH_ONLY_TYPES = new Set(['chatgpt-pro', 'github-copilot', 'qwen-code'])
-const CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE = '__custom__'
-const PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE = '__plain__'
-type AgentCreationMode = 'builtin' | 'custom' | 'plain'
-
-function createDefaultCustomRoleBoundaries(): BrowserOSRoleBoundary[] {
-  return [
-    {
-      key: 'draft-external-comms',
-      label: 'Draft external communications',
-      description: 'May prepare outbound messages for review.',
-      defaultMode: 'allow',
-    },
-    {
-      key: 'send-external-comms',
-      label: 'Send external communications',
-      description: 'Should require approval before sending messages.',
-      defaultMode: 'ask',
-    },
-    {
-      key: 'calendar-mutations',
-      label: 'Modify calendar events',
-      description: 'Should ask before moving or creating calendar events.',
-      defaultMode: 'ask',
-    },
-  ]
-}
-
-function parseCommaSeparatedList(input: string): string[] {
-  return input
-    .split(',')
-    .map((item) => item.trim())
-    .filter(Boolean)
-}
-
 const CONTROL_PLANE_COPY: Record<
   OpenClawStatus['controlPlaneStatus'],
   {
@@ -267,6 +229,138 @@ const ProviderSelector: FC<ProviderSelectorProps> = ({
   )
 }
 
+interface PodmanOverridesCardProps {
+  variant: 'inline' | 'standalone'
+}
+
+const PodmanOverridesCard: FC<PodmanOverridesCardProps> = ({ variant }) => {
+  const { overrides, loading, saving, error, saveOverrides, clearOverrides } =
+    usePodmanOverrides()
+
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('')
+  const [touched, setTouched] = useState(false)
+  const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState(variant === 'standalone')
+  const [localError, setLocalError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!touched && overrides) setValue(overrides.podmanPath ?? '')
+  }, [overrides, touched])
+
+  const handleSave = async () => {
+    const trimmed = value.trim()
+    if (!trimmed) return
+    setLocalError(null)
+    try {
+      await saveOverrides(trimmed)
+      setTouched(false)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setLocalError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleClear = async () => {
+    setLocalError(null)
+    try {
+      await clearOverrides()
+      setValue('')
+      setTouched(false)
+    } catch (err) {
+      setLocalError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const hasOverride = !!overrides?.podmanPath
+  const effective = overrides?.effectivePodmanPath ?? null
+  const inlineErrorMessage = localError ?? error?.message ?? null
+
+  const body = (
+    <div className="space-y-3">
+      <div className="space-y-1">
+        <label
+          htmlFor={`podman-path-${variant}`}
+          className="font-medium text-sm"
+        >
+          Podman binary path
+        </label>
+        <Input
+          id={`podman-path-${variant}`}
+          value={value}
+          onChange={(event) => {
+            setTouched(true)
+            setValue(event.target.value)
+          }}
+          placeholder="/opt/homebrew/bin/podman"
+          spellCheck={false}
+          autoCapitalize="none"
+          autoCorrect="off"
+        />
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
+          Install Podman yourself (e.g. <code>brew install podman</code>) and
+          paste the absolute path to the binary. Restart the gateway after
+          saving.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+
+      {effective && (
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
+          Currently using: <code className="break-all">{effective}</code>
+        </p>
+      )}
+
+      {inlineErrorMessage && (
+        <p className="text-destructive text-xs">{inlineErrorMessage}</p>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+        <Button
+          size="sm"
+          onClick={handleSave}
+          disabled={saving || loading || !value.trim()}
+        >
+          {saving ? <Loader2 className="mr-2 size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
+          Save
+        </Button>
+        <Button
+          size="sm"
+          variant="outline"
+          onClick={handleClear}
+          disabled={saving || loading || !hasOverride}
+        >
+          Clear
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+
+  if (variant === 'inline') {
+    return (
+      <div className="mt-3 rounded-md border bg-background p-3">
+        <p className="mb-2 font-medium text-sm">Use your own Podman</p>
+        {body}
+      </div>
+    )
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Card>
+      <CardHeader
+        className="cursor-pointer py-3"
+        onClick={() => setCollapsed((prev) => !prev)}
+      >
+        <CardTitle className="flex items-center gap-2 text-base">
+          {collapsed ? (
+            <ChevronRight className="size-4" />
+          ) : (
+            <ChevronDown className="size-4" />
+          )}
+          Advanced: Podman binary path
+        </CardTitle>
+      </CardHeader>
+      {!collapsed && <CardContent className="pt-0">{body}</CardContent>}
+    </Card>
+  )
+}
+
 export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
   const {
     status,
@@ -281,7 +375,6 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
     loading: agentsLoading,
     error: agentsError,
   } = useOpenClawAgents(agentsQueryEnabled)
-  const { roles, loading: rolesLoading, error: rolesError } = useOpenClawRoles()
   const {
     setupOpenClaw,
     createAgent,
@@ -299,44 +392,15 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
 
   const [setupOpen, setSetupOpen] = useState(false)
   const [setupProviderId, setSetupProviderId] = useState('')
-
   const [createOpen, setCreateOpen] = useState(false)
-  const [selectedRoleValue, setSelectedRoleValue] = useState<
-    | RoleTemplateSummary['id']
-    | typeof CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE
-    | typeof PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE
-  >('chief-of-staff')
   const [newName, setNewName] = useState('')
   const [createProviderId, setCreateProviderId] = useState('')
-  const [customRole, setCustomRole] = useState<BrowserOSCustomRoleInput>({
-    name: '',
-    shortDescription: '',
-    longDescription: '',
-    recommendedApps: [],
-    boundaries: createDefaultCustomRoleBoundaries(),
-  })
 
   const [chatAgent, setChatAgent] = useState<AgentEntry | null>(null)
   const [showTerminal, setShowTerminal] = useState(false)
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
 
-  const compatibleProviders = providers.filter(
-    (provider) => provider.apiKey && !OAUTH_ONLY_TYPES.has(provider.type),
-  )
-  const creationMode: AgentCreationMode =
-    selectedRoleValue === CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE
-      ? 'custom'
-      : selectedRoleValue === PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE
-        ? 'plain'
-        : 'builtin'
-  const isCustomRole = creationMode === 'custom'
-  const isPlainAgent = creationMode === 'plain'
-  const selectedRole =
-    creationMode === 'builtin'
-      ? (roles.find((role) => role.id === selectedRoleValue) ??
-        roles[0] ??
-        null)
-      : null
+  const compatibleProviders = getOpenClawSupportedProviders(providers)
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (compatibleProviders.length === 0) return
@@ -355,48 +419,13 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
     defaultProviderId,
   ])
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!createOpen || roles.length === 0) return
-
-    const defaultRole = roles.find((role) => role.id === 'chief-of-staff')
-    const nextRole = defaultRole ?? roles[0]
-
-    setSelectedRoleValue((current) => {
-      if (current === CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE || current === PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE)
-        return current
-      const hasCurrent = roles.some((role) => role.id === current)
-      return hasCurrent ? current : nextRole.id
-    })
-    setNewName((current) => current || nextRole.defaultAgentName)
-  }, [createOpen, roles])
-
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!createOpen) return
-
-    if (isCustomRole) {
-      setNewName(
-        (current) =>
-          current || customRole.name.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'),
-      )
-      return
-    }
-
-    if (isPlainAgent) {
-      setNewName((current) => current || 'agent')
-      return
-    }
-
-    if (selectedRole) {
-      setNewName((current) => current || selectedRole.defaultAgentName)
-    }
-  }, [createOpen, isCustomRole, isPlainAgent, customRole.name, selectedRole])
+    setNewName((current) => current || 'agent')
+  }, [createOpen])
 
   const inlineError =
-    error ??
-    statusError?.message ??
-    agentsError?.message ??
-    rolesError?.message ??
-    null
+    error ?? statusError?.message ?? agentsError?.message ?? null
 
   const gatewayUiState = useMemo(() => {
     if (!status) {
@@ -462,34 +491,10 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
       (item) => item.id === createProviderId,
     )
     const normalizedName = newName.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-')
-    const customRolePayload = isCustomRole
-      ? {
-          ...customRole,
-          name: customRole.name.trim(),
-          shortDescription: customRole.shortDescription.trim(),
-          longDescription: customRole.longDescription.trim(),
-        }
-      : undefined
-
-    if (
-      isCustomRole &&
-      (!customRolePayload?.name ||
-        !customRolePayload.shortDescription ||
-        !customRolePayload.longDescription)
-    ) {
-      setError(
-        'Custom roles require a role name, short description, and long description.',
-      )
-      return
-    }
-
-    if (creationMode === 'builtin' && !selectedRole) return
 
     await runWithErrorHandling(async () => {
       await createAgent({
         name: normalizedName,
-        roleId: creationMode === 'builtin' ? selectedRole?.id : undefined,
-        customRole: isCustomRole ? customRolePayload : undefined,
         providerType: provider?.type,
         providerName: provider?.name,
         baseUrl: provider?.baseUrl,
@@ -498,13 +503,6 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
       })
       setCreateOpen(false)
       setNewName('')
-      setCustomRole({
-        name: '',
-        shortDescription: '',
-        longDescription: '',
-        recommendedApps: [],
-        boundaries: createDefaultCustomRoleBoundaries(),
-      })
     })
   }
 
@@ -689,6 +687,7 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
                 Restart Gateway
               </Button>
             </div>
+            <PodmanOverridesCard variant="inline" />
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>
       )}
@@ -708,6 +707,9 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
             {status.podmanAvailable && (
               <Button onClick={() => setSetupOpen(true)}>Set Up Now</Button>
             )}
+            <div className="w-full max-w-md">
+              <PodmanOverridesCard variant="inline" />
+            </div>
           </CardContent>
         </Card>
       )}
@@ -751,6 +753,9 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
                 Restart Gateway
               </Button>
             </div>
+            <div className="w-full max-w-md">
+              <PodmanOverridesCard variant="inline" />
+            </div>
           </CardContent>
         </Card>
       )}
@@ -788,20 +793,10 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
                         <CardTitle className="text-base">
                           {agent.name}
                         </CardTitle>
-                        {agent.role && (
-                          <Badge variant="secondary">
-                            {agent.role.roleName}
-                          </Badge>
-                        )}
                       </div>
                       <p className="font-mono text-muted-foreground text-xs">
                         {agent.workspace}
                       </p>
-                      {agent.role && (
-                        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                          {agent.role.shortDescription}
-                        </p>
-                      )}
                     </div>
                   </div>
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
@@ -832,6 +827,8 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
         </div>
       )}
 
+      <PodmanOverridesCard variant="standalone" />
+
       <Dialog open={setupOpen} onOpenChange={setSetupOpen}>
         <DialogContent>
           <DialogHeader>
@@ -868,246 +865,6 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
             <DialogTitle>Create Agent</DialogTitle>
           </DialogHeader>
           <div className="space-y-4 py-2">
-            <div className="space-y-2">
-              <label className="font-medium text-sm" htmlFor="agent-role">
-                Agent Role
-              </label>
-              <Select
-                value={selectedRoleValue}
-                onValueChange={(value) => {
-                  if (value === CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE) {
-                    setSelectedRoleValue(CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE)
-                    setNewName(
-                      customRole.name
-                        .trim()
-                        .toLowerCase()
-                        .replace(/\s+/g, '-') || 'custom-agent',
-                    )
-                    return
-                  }
-
-                  if (value === PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE) {
-                    setSelectedRoleValue(PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE)
-                    setNewName('agent')
-                    return
-                  }
-
-                  const role = roles.find((item) => item.id === value)
-                  if (!role) return
-
-                  setSelectedRoleValue(role.id)
-                  setNewName(role.defaultAgentName)
-                }}
-                disabled={rolesLoading}
-              >
-                <SelectTrigger id="agent-role">
-                  <SelectValue
-                    placeholder={
-                      rolesLoading ? 'Loading roles...' : 'Select a role'
-                    }
-                  />
-                </SelectTrigger>
-                <SelectContent>
-                  {roles.map((role) => (
-                    <SelectItem key={role.id} value={role.id}>
-                      {role.name}
-                    </SelectItem>
-                  ))}
-                  <SelectItem value={PLAIN_AGENT_VALUE}>Plain Agent</SelectItem>
-                  <SelectItem value={CUSTOM_ROLE_VALUE}>Custom Role</SelectItem>
-                </SelectContent>
-              </Select>
-              {selectedRole && !isCustomRole && (
-                <Card>
-                  <CardContent className="space-y-3 py-4">
-                    <div>
-                      <div className="font-medium text-sm">
-                        {selectedRole.name}
-                      </div>
-                      <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                        {selectedRole.shortDescription}
-                      </p>
-                    </div>
-                    <div>
-                      <div className="font-medium text-xs">
-                        Recommended Apps
-                      </div>
-                      <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                        {selectedRole.recommendedApps.join(', ')}
-                      </p>
-                    </div>
-                    <div>
-                      <div className="font-medium text-xs">
-                        Default Boundaries
-                      </div>
-                      <ul className="space-y-1 text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                        {selectedRole.boundaries.map((boundary) => (
-                          <li key={boundary.key}>
-                            {boundary.label}: {boundary.defaultMode}
-                          </li>
-                        ))}
-                      </ul>
-                    </div>
-                  </CardContent>
-                </Card>
-              )}
-              {isPlainAgent && (
-                <Card>
-                  <CardContent className="space-y-2 py-4">
-                    <div className="font-medium text-sm">Plain Agent</div>
-                    <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                      No role bootstrap or defaults. Intended for temporary
-                      development and testing only.
-                    </p>
-                  </CardContent>
-                </Card>
-              )}
-            </div>
-
-            {isCustomRole && (
-              <Card>
-                <CardContent className="space-y-4 py-4">
-                  <div className="space-y-2">
-                    <label
-                      htmlFor="custom-role-name"
-                      className="font-medium text-sm"
-                    >
-                      Custom Role Name
-                    </label>
-                    <Input
-                      id="custom-role-name"
-                      value={customRole.name}
-                      onChange={(event) => {
-                        const name = event.target.value
-                        setCustomRole((current) => ({ ...current, name }))
-                        setNewName(
-                          name.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-') ||
-                            'custom-agent',
-                        )
-                      }}
-                      placeholder="Board Prep Operator"
-                    />
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="space-y-2">
-                    <label
-                      htmlFor="custom-role-short-description"
-                      className="font-medium text-sm"
-                    >
-                      Short Description
-                    </label>
-                    <Input
-                      id="custom-role-short-description"
-                      value={customRole.shortDescription}
-                      onChange={(event) =>
-                        setCustomRole((current) => ({
-                          ...current,
-                          shortDescription: event.target.value,
-                        }))
-                      }
-                      placeholder="Prepares executive briefs and weekly follow-ups."
-                    />
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="space-y-2">
-                    <label
-                      htmlFor="custom-role-long-description"
-                      className="font-medium text-sm"
-                    >
-                      Long Description
-                    </label>
-                    <Textarea
-                      id="custom-role-long-description"
-                      value={customRole.longDescription}
-                      onChange={(event) =>
-                        setCustomRole((current) => ({
-                          ...current,
-                          longDescription: event.target.value,
-                        }))
-                      }
-                      placeholder="Describe the role, purpose, and what kinds of outcomes this agent should produce."
-                      rows={4}
-                    />
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="space-y-2">
-                    <label
-                      htmlFor="custom-role-apps"
-                      className="font-medium text-sm"
-                    >
-                      Recommended Apps
-                    </label>
-                    <Input
-                      id="custom-role-apps"
-                      value={customRole.recommendedApps.join(', ')}
-                      onChange={(event) =>
-                        setCustomRole((current) => ({
-                          ...current,
-                          recommendedApps: parseCommaSeparatedList(
-                            event.target.value,
-                          ),
-                        }))
-                      }
-                      placeholder="gmail, slack, notion"
-                    />
-                    <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                      Comma-separated. Used as role guidance only in this
-                      milestone.
-                    </p>
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="space-y-3">
-                    <div>
-                      <div className="font-medium text-sm">
-                        Boundary Defaults
-                      </div>
-                      <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                        Set the starting behavior for common high-impact
-                        actions.
-                      </p>
-                    </div>
-                    {customRole.boundaries.map((boundary) => (
-                      <div
-                        key={boundary.key}
-                        className="grid gap-2 rounded-lg border p-3"
-                      >
-                        <div>
-                          <div className="font-medium text-sm">
-                            {boundary.label}
-                          </div>
-                          <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                            {boundary.description}
-                          </p>
-                        </div>
-                        <Select
-                          value={boundary.defaultMode}
-                          onValueChange={(value) =>
-                            setCustomRole((current) => ({
-                              ...current,
-                              boundaries: current.boundaries.map((item) =>
-                                item.key === boundary.key
-                                  ? {
-                                      ...item,
-                                      defaultMode:
-                                        value as BrowserOSRoleBoundary['defaultMode'],
-                                    }
-                                  : item,
-                              ),
-                            }))
-                          }
-                        >
-                          <SelectTrigger>
-                            <SelectValue />
-                          </SelectTrigger>
-                          <SelectContent>
-                            <SelectItem value="allow">Allow</SelectItem>
-                            <SelectItem value="ask">Ask</SelectItem>
-                            <SelectItem value="block">Block</SelectItem>
-                          </SelectContent>
-                        </Select>
-                      </div>
-                    ))}
-                  </div>
-                </CardContent>
-              </Card>
-            )}
-
             <div>
               <label
                 htmlFor="agent-name"
@@ -1141,10 +898,8 @@ export const AgentsPage: FC = () => {
               disabled={
                 !newName.trim() ||
                 creating ||
-                rolesLoading ||
                 !gatewayUiState.canManageAgents ||
-                compatibleProviders.length === 0 ||
-                (creationMode === 'builtin' && !selectedRole)
+                compatibleProviders.length === 0
               }
               className="w-full"
             >

packages/browseros-agent/apps/agent/entrypoints/app/agents/openclaw-supported-providers.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import type { LlmProviderConfig, ProviderType } from '@/lib/llm-providers/types'
+
+const OPENCLAW_SUPPORTED_PROVIDER_TYPES: ProviderType[] = [
+  'openrouter',
+  'openai',
+  'anthropic',
+  'moonshot',
+]
+
+export function isOpenClawSupportedProviderType(
+  providerType: ProviderType,
+): boolean {
+  return OPENCLAW_SUPPORTED_PROVIDER_TYPES.includes(providerType)
+}
+
+export function getOpenClawSupportedProviders(
+  providers: LlmProviderConfig[],
+): LlmProviderConfig[] {
+  return providers.filter(
+    (provider) =>
+      !!provider.apiKey && isOpenClawSupportedProviderType(provider.type),
+  )
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/agent/entrypoints/app/agents/useOpenClaw.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-import type {
-  BrowserOSAgentRoleId,
-  BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-} from '@browseros/shared/types/role-aware-agents'
 import { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { getAgentServerUrl } from '@/lib/browseros/helpers'
 import { useAgentServerUrl } from '@/lib/browseros/useBrowserOSProviders'
@@ -11,27 +7,6 @@ export interface AgentEntry {
   name: string
   workspace: string
   model?: unknown
-  role?: {
-    roleSource: 'builtin' | 'custom'
-    roleId?: BrowserOSAgentRoleId
-    roleName: string
-    shortDescription: string
-  }
-}
-
-export interface RoleTemplateSummary {
-  id: BrowserOSAgentRoleId
-  name: string
-  shortDescription: string
-  longDescription: string
-  recommendedApps: string[]
-  defaultAgentName: string
-  boundaries: Array<{
-    key: string
-    label: string
-    description: string
-    defaultMode: 'allow' | 'ask' | 'block'
-  }>
 }
 
 export interface OpenClawStatus {
@@ -61,8 +36,6 @@ export interface OpenClawStatus {
 
 export interface OpenClawAgentMutationInput {
   name: string
-  roleId?: BrowserOSAgentRoleId
-  customRole?: BrowserOSCustomRoleInput
   providerType?: string
   providerName?: string
   baseUrl?: string
@@ -86,9 +59,14 @@ export function getModelDisplayName(model: unknown): string | undefined {
 export const OPENCLAW_QUERY_KEYS = {
   status: 'openclaw-status',
   agents: 'openclaw-agents',
-  roles: 'openclaw-roles',
+  podmanOverrides: 'openclaw-podman-overrides',
 } as const
 
+export interface PodmanOverrides {
+  podmanPath: string | null
+  effectivePodmanPath: string
+}
+
 async function clawFetch<T>(
   baseUrl: string,
   path: string,
@@ -117,16 +95,6 @@ async function fetchOpenClawAgents(baseUrl: string): Promise<AgentEntry[]> {
   return data.agents ?? []
 }
 
-async function fetchOpenClawRoles(
-  baseUrl: string,
-): Promise<RoleTemplateSummary[]> {
-  const data = await clawFetch<{ roles: RoleTemplateSummary[] }>(
-    baseUrl,
-    '/roles',
-  )
-  return data.roles ?? []
-}
-
 async function invalidateOpenClawQueries(
   queryClient: ReturnType<typeof useQueryClient>,
 ): Promise<void> {
@@ -179,28 +147,6 @@ export function useOpenClawAgents(enabled = true) {
   }
 }
 
-export function useOpenClawRoles() {
-  const {
-    baseUrl,
-    isLoading: urlLoading,
-    error: urlError,
-  } = useAgentServerUrl()
-
-  const query = useQuery<RoleTemplateSummary[], Error>({
-    queryKey: [OPENCLAW_QUERY_KEYS.roles, baseUrl],
-    queryFn: () => fetchOpenClawRoles(baseUrl as string),
-    enabled: !!baseUrl && !urlLoading,
-    staleTime: 60_000,
-  })
-
-  return {
-    roles: query.data ?? [],
-    loading: query.isLoading || urlLoading,
-    error: query.error ?? urlError,
-    refetch: query.refetch,
-  }
-}
-
 export function useOpenClawMutations() {
   const { baseUrl, isLoading: urlLoading } = useAgentServerUrl()
   const queryClient = useQueryClient()
@@ -301,6 +247,50 @@ export function useOpenClawMutations() {
   }
 }
 
+export function usePodmanOverrides() {
+  const {
+    baseUrl,
+    isLoading: urlLoading,
+    error: urlError,
+  } = useAgentServerUrl()
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+
+  const query = useQuery<PodmanOverrides, Error>({
+    queryKey: [OPENCLAW_QUERY_KEYS.podmanOverrides, baseUrl],
+    queryFn: () =>
+      clawFetch<PodmanOverrides>(baseUrl as string, '/podman-overrides'),
+    enabled: !!baseUrl && !urlLoading,
+  })
+
+  const saveMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: async (podmanPath: string | null) =>
+      clawFetch<PodmanOverrides>(baseUrl as string, '/podman-overrides', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ podmanPath }),
+      }),
+    onSuccess: async () => {
+      await Promise.all([
+        queryClient.invalidateQueries({
+          queryKey: [OPENCLAW_QUERY_KEYS.podmanOverrides],
+        }),
+        queryClient.invalidateQueries({
+          queryKey: [OPENCLAW_QUERY_KEYS.status],
+        }),
+      ])
+    },
+  })
+
+  return {
+    overrides: query.data ?? null,
+    loading: query.isLoading || urlLoading,
+    error: (query.error ?? urlError) as Error | null,
+    saving: saveMutation.isPending,
+    saveOverrides: (podmanPath: string) => saveMutation.mutateAsync(podmanPath),
+    clearOverrides: () => saveMutation.mutateAsync(null),
+  }
+}
+
 export interface OpenClawStreamEvent {
   type:
     | 'text-delta'

packages/browseros-agent/apps/agent/wxt.config.ts

@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ import { PRODUCT_WEB_HOST } from './lib/constants/productWebHost'
 // biome-ignore lint/style/noProcessEnv: build config file needs env access
 const env = process.env
 
-// biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: required env var
-const apiUrl = new URL(env.VITE_PUBLIC_BROWSEROS_API!)
+const apiUrl = new URL(
+  env.VITE_PUBLIC_BROWSEROS_API?.trim() || 'https://api.browseros.com',
+)
 const apiPattern = apiUrl.port
   ? `${apiUrl.hostname}:${apiUrl.port}`
   : apiUrl.hostname

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@browseros/server",
-  "version": "0.0.85",
+  "version": "0.0.88",
   "description": "BrowserOS server",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./src/index.ts",
@@ -10,9 +10,21 @@
   "scripts": {
     "start": "bun --watch --env-file=.env.development src/index.ts",
     "build": "bun ../../scripts/build/server.ts --target=all",
-    "test:tools": "bun run test:cleanup && bun --env-file=.env.development test tests/tools",
-    "test:integration": "bun run test:cleanup && bun --env-file=.env.development test tests/server.integration.test.ts",
-    "test:sdk": "echo 'SDK tests disabled: test environment does not provide the extract/verify LLM service'",
+    "test": "bun run test:all",
+    "test:all": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts all",
+    "test:agent": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts agent",
+    "test:api": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts api",
+    "test:browser": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts browser",
+    "test:cdp": "bun run test:browser",
+    "test:core": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts core",
+    "test:integration": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts integration",
+    "test:root": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts root",
+    "test:sdk": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts sdk",
+    "test:skills": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts skills",
+    "test:tools": "bun run ./tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts tools",
+    "test:tools:acl": "bun run test:cleanup && bun --env-file=.env.development test ./tests/tools/acl-scorer.test.ts",
+    "test:tools:filesystem": "bun run test:cleanup && bun --env-file=.env.development test ./tests/tools/filesystem",
+    "test:tools:input": "bun run test:cleanup && bun --env-file=.env.development test ./tests/tools/input.test.ts",
     "test:cleanup": "./tests/__helpers__/cleanup.sh",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
     "devtools": "bunx @ai-sdk/devtools"

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/resources/openclaw-compose.yml

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-services:
-  openclaw-gateway:
-    image: ${OPENCLAW_IMAGE:-ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:latest}
-    ports:
-      - "127.0.0.1:${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT:-18789}:18789"
-    environment:
-      - HOME=/home/node
-      - NODE_ENV=production
-      - OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN=${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN}
-      - OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_BIND=lan
-      - TZ=${TZ}
-      - ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=${ANTHROPIC_API_KEY:-}
-      - OPENAI_API_KEY=${OPENAI_API_KEY:-}
-      - GEMINI_API_KEY=${GEMINI_API_KEY:-}
-      - OPENROUTER_API_KEY=${OPENROUTER_API_KEY:-}
-      - GROQ_API_KEY=${GROQ_API_KEY:-}
-      - MISTRAL_API_KEY=${MISTRAL_API_KEY:-}
-      - MOONSHOT_API_KEY=${MOONSHOT_API_KEY:-}
-    volumes:
-      - ${OPENCLAW_CONFIG_DIR}:/home/node/.openclaw
-    extra_hosts:
-      - "host.containers.internal:host-gateway"
-    command:
-      - node
-      - dist/index.js
-      - gateway
-      - --bind
-      - lan
-      - --port
-      - "18789"
-      - --allow-unconfigured
-    healthcheck:
-      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-sf", "http://127.0.0.1:18789/healthz"]
-      interval: 30s
-      timeout: 10s
-      retries: 3
-    restart: unless-stopped

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/routes/openclaw.ts

@@ -7,12 +7,9 @@
  * Thin layer delegating to OpenClawService.
  */
 
+import { accessSync, existsSync, constants as fsConstants } from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
 import { OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
-import { BROWSEROS_ROLE_TEMPLATES } from '@browseros/shared/constants/role-aware-agents'
-import type {
-  BrowserOSAgentRoleId,
-  BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-} from '@browseros/shared/types/role-aware-agents'
 import { Hono } from 'hono'
 import { stream } from 'hono/streaming'
 import { logger } from '../../lib/logger'
@@ -22,23 +19,35 @@ import {
   OpenClawInvalidAgentNameError,
   OpenClawProtectedAgentError,
 } from '../services/openclaw/errors'
+import { isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError } from '../services/openclaw/openclaw-provider-map'
 import { getOpenClawService } from '../services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
 
-function isValidBoundaryMode(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is BrowserOSCustomRoleInput['boundaries'][number]['defaultMode'] {
-  return value === 'allow' || value === 'ask' || value === 'block'
+function getCreateAgentValidationError(body: { name?: string }): string | null {
+  if (!body.name?.trim()) {
+    return 'Name is required'
+  }
+  return null
 }
 
-function isValidCustomRoleBoundary(value: unknown): boolean {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') return false
-  const boundary = value as Record<string, unknown>
-  return (
-    typeof boundary.key === 'string' &&
-    typeof boundary.label === 'string' &&
-    typeof boundary.description === 'string' &&
-    isValidBoundaryMode(boundary.defaultMode)
-  )
+function getPodmanOverrideValidationError(body: {
+  podmanPath?: string | null
+}): string | null {
+  if (body.podmanPath === null) return null
+  if (typeof body.podmanPath !== 'string' || !body.podmanPath.trim()) {
+    return 'podmanPath must be a non-empty absolute path or null'
+  }
+  if (!path.isAbsolute(body.podmanPath)) {
+    return 'podmanPath must be an absolute path'
+  }
+  if (!existsSync(body.podmanPath)) {
+    return `File does not exist: ${body.podmanPath}`
+  }
+  try {
+    accessSync(body.podmanPath, fsConstants.X_OK)
+  } catch {
+    return `File is not executable: ${body.podmanPath}`
+  }
+  return null
 }
 
 export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
@@ -89,6 +98,9 @@ export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
           providerType: body.providerType,
           providerName: body.providerName,
         })
+        if (isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(err)) {
+          return c.json({ error: err.message }, 400)
+        }
         if (message.includes('Podman is not available')) {
           return c.json({ error: message }, 503)
         }
@@ -154,97 +166,23 @@ export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
       }
     })
 
-    .get('/roles', async (c) => {
-      return c.json({
-        roles: BROWSEROS_ROLE_TEMPLATES.map((role) => ({
-          id: role.id,
-          name: role.name,
-          shortDescription: role.shortDescription,
-          longDescription: role.longDescription,
-          recommendedApps: role.recommendedApps,
-          boundaries: role.boundaries,
-          defaultAgentName: role.defaultAgentName,
-        })),
-      })
-    })
-
     .post('/agents', async (c) => {
       const body = await c.req.json<{
         name: string
-        roleId?: BrowserOSAgentRoleId
-        customRole?: BrowserOSCustomRoleInput
         providerType?: string
         providerName?: string
         baseUrl?: string
         apiKey?: string
         modelId?: string
       }>()
-      const name = body.name?.trim()
-
-      if (!name) {
-        return c.json({ error: 'Name is required' }, 400)
-      }
-      if (body.roleId && body.customRole) {
-        return c.json(
-          { error: 'Provide either roleId or customRole, not both' },
-          400,
-        )
-      }
-      if (
-        body.customRole &&
-        (!body.customRole.name?.trim() ||
-          !body.customRole.shortDescription?.trim() ||
-          !body.customRole.longDescription?.trim())
-      ) {
-        return c.json(
-          {
-            error:
-              'Custom roles require name, shortDescription, and longDescription',
-          },
-          400,
-        )
-      }
-      if (
-        body.customRole &&
-        (!Array.isArray(body.customRole.recommendedApps) ||
-          !Array.isArray(body.customRole.boundaries))
-      ) {
-        return c.json(
-          {
-            error: 'Custom roles require recommendedApps and boundaries arrays',
-          },
-          400,
-        )
-      }
-      if (
-        body.customRole &&
-        !body.customRole.recommendedApps.every((app) => typeof app === 'string')
-      ) {
-        return c.json(
-          {
-            error: 'Custom role recommendedApps must be an array of strings',
-          },
-          400,
-        )
-      }
-      if (
-        body.customRole &&
-        !body.customRole.boundaries.every(isValidCustomRoleBoundary)
-      ) {
-        return c.json(
-          {
-            error:
-              'Custom role boundaries must include key, label, description, and a valid defaultMode',
-          },
-          400,
-        )
+      const validationError = getCreateAgentValidationError(body)
+      if (validationError) {
+        return c.json({ error: validationError }, 400)
       }
 
       try {
         const agent = await getOpenClawService().createAgent({
-          name,
-          roleId: body.roleId,
-          customRole: body.customRole,
+          name: body.name.trim(),
           providerType: body.providerType,
           providerName: body.providerName,
           baseUrl: body.baseUrl,
@@ -259,6 +197,9 @@ export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
         if (err instanceof OpenClawInvalidAgentNameError) {
           return c.json({ error: err.message }, 400)
         }
+        if (isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(err)) {
+          return c.json({ error: err.message }, 400)
+        }
         const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
         return c.json({ error: message }, 500)
       }
@@ -323,6 +264,9 @@ export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
           }
         })
       } catch (err) {
+        if (isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(err)) {
+          return c.json({ error: err.message }, 400)
+        }
         const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
         return c.json({ error: message }, 500)
       }
@@ -352,14 +296,52 @@ export function createOpenClawRoutes() {
       }
 
       try {
-        await getOpenClawService().updateProviderKeys(body)
+        const result = await getOpenClawService().updateProviderKeys(body)
         return c.json({
-          status: 'restarting',
-          message: 'Provider updated, restarting gateway',
+          status: result.restarted ? 'restarting' : 'updated',
+          message: result.restarted
+            ? 'Provider updated, restarting gateway'
+            : 'Provider updated without a restart',
         })
       } catch (err) {
+        if (isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(err)) {
+          return c.json({ error: err.message }, 400)
+        }
         const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
         return c.json({ error: message }, 500)
       }
     })
+
+    .get('/podman-overrides', async (c) => {
+      try {
+        const overrides = await getOpenClawService().getPodmanOverrides()
+        return c.json(overrides)
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+        logger.error('Podman overrides read failed', { error: message })
+        return c.json({ error: message }, 500)
+      }
+    })
+
+    .post('/podman-overrides', async (c) => {
+      const body = await c.req.json<{ podmanPath: string | null }>()
+      const validationError = getPodmanOverrideValidationError(body)
+      if (validationError) {
+        return c.json({ error: validationError }, 400)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        logger.info('OpenClaw podman override requested', {
+          podmanPath: body.podmanPath,
+        })
+        const result = await getOpenClawService().applyPodmanOverrides({
+          podmanPath: body.podmanPath,
+        })
+        return c.json(result)
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+        logger.error('Podman overrides apply failed', { error: message })
+        return c.json({ error: message }, 500)
+      }
+    })
 }

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/container-runtime.ts

@@ -3,21 +3,24 @@
  * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
  *
- * Compose-level abstraction over PodmanRuntime.
- * Manages a single compose project for the OpenClaw gateway container.
+ * OpenClaw container lifecycle abstraction over PodmanRuntime.
  */
 
-import { copyFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
-import { join } from 'node:path'
-import {
-  OPENCLAW_COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME,
-  OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
-} from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
+import { OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
 import { logger } from '../../../lib/logger'
 import type { LogFn, PodmanRuntime } from './podman-runtime'
 
-const COMPOSE_FILE_NAME = 'docker-compose.yml'
-const ENV_FILE_NAME = '.env'
+const GATEWAY_CONTAINER_HOME = '/home/node'
+const GATEWAY_STATE_DIR = `${GATEWAY_CONTAINER_HOME}/.openclaw`
+
+export type GatewayContainerSpec = {
+  image: string
+  port: number
+  hostHome: string
+  envFilePath: string
+  gatewayToken?: string
+  timezone: string
+}
 
 export class ContainerRuntime {
   constructor(
@@ -41,35 +44,69 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
     return this.podman.getMachineStatus()
   }
 
-  async composeUp(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
-    const code = await this.compose(['up', '-d'], onLog)
-    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`compose up failed with code ${code}`)
+  async pullImage(image: string, onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
+    const code = await this.runPodmanCommand(['pull', image], onLog)
+    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`image pull failed with code ${code}`)
   }
 
-  async composeDown(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
-    const code = await this.compose(['down'], onLog)
-    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`compose down failed with code ${code}`)
+  async startGateway(
+    input: GatewayContainerSpec,
+    onLog?: LogFn,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    await this.ensureGatewayRemoved(onLog)
+    const code = await this.runPodmanCommand(
+      [
+        'run',
+        '-d',
+        '--name',
+        OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
+        '--restart',
+        'unless-stopped',
+        '-p',
+        `127.0.0.1:${input.port}:18789`,
+        ...this.buildGatewayContainerRuntimeArgs(input),
+        '--health-cmd',
+        'curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:18789/healthz',
+        '--health-interval',
+        '30s',
+        '--health-timeout',
+        '10s',
+        '--health-retries',
+        '3',
+        input.image,
+        'node',
+        'dist/index.js',
+        'gateway',
+        '--bind',
+        'lan',
+        '--port',
+        '18789',
+        '--allow-unconfigured',
+      ],
+      onLog,
+    )
+    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`gateway start failed with code ${code}`)
   }
 
-  async composeStop(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
-    const code = await this.compose(['stop'], onLog)
-    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`compose stop failed with code ${code}`)
+  async stopGateway(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
+    const code = await this.removeGatewayContainer(onLog)
+    if (code !== 0) {
+      throw new Error(`gateway stop failed with code ${code}`)
+    }
   }
 
-  async composeRestart(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
-    const code = await this.compose(['restart'], onLog)
-    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`compose restart failed with code ${code}`)
+  async restartGateway(
+    input: GatewayContainerSpec,
+    onLog?: LogFn,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    await this.startGateway(input, onLog)
   }
 
-  async composePull(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
-    const code = await this.compose(['pull', '--quiet'], onLog)
-    if (code !== 0) throw new Error(`compose pull failed with code ${code}`)
-  }
-
-  async composeLogs(tail = 50): Promise<string[]> {
+  async getGatewayLogs(tail = 50): Promise<string[]> {
     const lines: string[] = []
-    await this.compose(['logs', '--no-color', '--tail', String(tail)], (line) =>
-      lines.push(line),
+    await this.runPodmanCommand(
+      ['logs', '--tail', String(tail), OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      (line) => lines.push(line),
     )
     return lines
   }
@@ -112,16 +149,6 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
     return false
   }
 
-  async copyComposeFile(sourceTemplatePath: string): Promise<void> {
-    await copyFile(sourceTemplatePath, join(this.projectDir, COMPOSE_FILE_NAME))
-  }
-
-  async writeEnvFile(content: string): Promise<void> {
-    await writeFile(join(this.projectDir, ENV_FILE_NAME), content, {
-      mode: 0o600,
-    })
-  }
-
   /**
    * Stops the Podman machine only if no non-BrowserOS containers are running.
    * Prevents killing the user's own Podman workloads.
@@ -132,8 +159,8 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
 
     try {
       const containers = await this.podman.listRunningContainers()
-      const allOurs = containers.every((name) =>
-        name.startsWith(OPENCLAW_COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME),
+      const allOurs = containers.every(
+        (name) => name === OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
       )
 
       if (containers.length === 0 || allOurs) {
@@ -153,6 +180,32 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
     )
   }
 
+  async runGatewaySetupCommand(
+    command: string[],
+    spec: GatewayContainerSpec,
+    onLog?: LogFn,
+  ): Promise<number> {
+    const setupContainerName = `${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME}-setup`
+    await this.runPodmanCommand(
+      ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', setupContainerName],
+      onLog,
+    )
+    const setupArgs = command[0] === 'node' ? command.slice(1) : command
+    return this.runPodmanCommand(
+      [
+        'run',
+        '--rm',
+        '--name',
+        setupContainerName,
+        ...this.buildGatewayContainerRuntimeArgs(spec),
+        spec.image,
+        'node',
+        ...setupArgs,
+      ],
+      onLog,
+    )
+  }
+
   tailGatewayLogs(onLine: LogFn): () => void {
     return this.podman.tailContainerLogs(
       OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
@@ -160,15 +213,17 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
     )
   }
 
-  private async compose(args: string[], onLog?: LogFn): Promise<number> {
+  private async runPodmanCommand(
+    args: string[],
+    onLog?: LogFn,
+  ): Promise<number> {
     const lines: string[] = []
-    const command = ['podman', 'compose', ...args].join(' ')
-    logger.info('Running OpenClaw compose command', {
+    const command = ['podman', ...args].join(' ')
+    logger.info('Running OpenClaw podman command', {
       command,
     })
-    const code = await this.podman.runCommand(['compose', ...args], {
+    const code = await this.podman.runCommand(args, {
       cwd: this.projectDir,
-      env: { COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME: OPENCLAW_COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME },
       onOutput: (line) => {
         lines.push(line)
         onLog?.(line)
@@ -176,17 +231,58 @@ export class ContainerRuntime {
     })
 
     if (code !== 0) {
-      logger.error('OpenClaw compose command failed', {
+      logger.error('OpenClaw podman command failed', {
         command,
         exitCode: code,
         output: lines,
       })
     } else {
-      logger.info('OpenClaw compose command succeeded', {
+      logger.info('OpenClaw podman command succeeded', {
         command,
       })
     }
 
     return code
   }
+
+  private async ensureGatewayRemoved(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<void> {
+    await this.removeGatewayContainer(onLog)
+  }
+
+  private async removeGatewayContainer(onLog?: LogFn): Promise<number> {
+    return this.runPodmanCommand(
+      ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      onLog,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private buildGatewayContainerRuntimeArgs(
+    input: GatewayContainerSpec,
+  ): string[] {
+    return [
+      '--env-file',
+      input.envFilePath,
+      '-e',
+      `HOME=${GATEWAY_CONTAINER_HOME}`,
+      '-e',
+      `OPENCLAW_HOME=${GATEWAY_CONTAINER_HOME}`,
+      '-e',
+      `OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR=${GATEWAY_STATE_DIR}`,
+      '-e',
+      'OPENCLAW_NO_RESPAWN=1',
+      '-e',
+      'NODE_COMPILE_CACHE=/var/tmp/openclaw-compile-cache',
+      '-e',
+      'NODE_ENV=production',
+      '-e',
+      `TZ=${input.timezone}`,
+      '-v',
+      `${input.hostHome}:${GATEWAY_CONTAINER_HOME}`,
+      '--add-host',
+      'host.containers.internal:host-gateway',
+      ...(input.gatewayToken
+        ? ['-e', `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN=${input.gatewayToken}`]
+        : []),
+    ]
+  }
 }

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/gateway-client.ts

@@ -1,754 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
- *
- * WebSocket client for the OpenClaw Gateway protocol.
- * Handles handshake (challenge → connect → hello-ok) with Ed25519 device
- * identity signing, JSON-RPC over WS, and auto-reconnect.
- * Used for agent CRUD and health — chat uses HTTP.
- */
-
-import crypto from 'node:crypto'
-import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { join } from 'node:path'
-import { OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
-import { logger } from '../../../lib/logger'
-
-const RPC_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000
-const SCOPES = [
-  'operator.read',
-  'operator.write',
-  'operator.admin',
-  'operator.approvals',
-  'operator.pairing',
-]
-
-interface DeviceIdentity {
-  deviceId: string
-  publicKeyPem: string
-  privateKeyPem: string
-}
-
-interface PendingRequest {
-  resolve: (value: unknown) => void
-  reject: (reason: Error) => void
-  timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
-}
-
-interface WsFrame {
-  type: 'req' | 'res' | 'event'
-  id?: string
-  method?: string
-  params?: Record<string, unknown>
-  ok?: boolean
-  payload?: Record<string, unknown>
-  error?: { message: string; code?: string }
-  event?: string
-}
-
-export type GatewayClientConnectionState =
-  | 'idle'
-  | 'connecting'
-  | 'connected'
-  | 'closed'
-  | 'failed'
-
-export interface GatewayHandshakeError {
-  code?: string
-  message: string
-}
-
-export interface OpenClawStreamEvent {
-  type:
-    | 'text-delta'
-    | 'thinking'
-    | 'tool-start'
-    | 'tool-end'
-    | 'tool-output'
-    | 'lifecycle'
-    | 'done'
-    | 'error'
-  data: Record<string, unknown>
-}
-
-export interface GatewayAgentEntry {
-  agentId: string
-  name: string
-  workspace: string
-  model?: string
-}
-
-// ── Device Identity Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function rawPublicKeyFromPem(pem: string): Buffer {
-  const der = Buffer.from(
-    pem.replace(/-----[^-]+-----/g, '').replace(/\s/g, ''),
-    'base64',
-  )
-  return der.subarray(12)
-}
-
-function signChallenge(
-  device: DeviceIdentity,
-  nonce: string,
-  token: string,
-): { signature: string; signedAt: number; publicKey: string } {
-  const signedAt = Date.now()
-  const payload = `v3|${device.deviceId}|cli|cli|operator|${SCOPES.join(',')}|${signedAt}|${token}|${nonce}|${process.platform}|`
-  const privateKey = crypto.createPrivateKey(device.privateKeyPem)
-  const sig = crypto.sign(null, Buffer.from(payload, 'utf-8'), privateKey)
-
-  return {
-    signature: sig.toString('base64url'),
-    signedAt,
-    publicKey: rawPublicKeyFromPem(device.publicKeyPem).toString('base64url'),
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Generates a client Ed25519 identity and pre-seeds it into the gateway's
- * paired devices file so the gateway trusts it on next boot.
- * Must be called before compose up (or requires a restart after).
- */
-export function ensureClientIdentity(openclawDir: string): DeviceIdentity {
-  const identityPath = join(openclawDir, 'client-identity.json')
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(readFileSync(identityPath, 'utf-8'))
-  } catch {
-    // Generate new identity
-  }
-
-  const { publicKey, privateKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('ed25519')
-  const publicKeyPem = publicKey
-    .export({ type: 'spki', format: 'pem' })
-    .toString()
-  const privateKeyPem = privateKey
-    .export({ type: 'pkcs8', format: 'pem' })
-    .toString()
-
-  const rawPub = rawPublicKeyFromPem(publicKeyPem)
-  const deviceId = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(rawPub).digest('hex')
-
-  const identity: DeviceIdentity = { deviceId, publicKeyPem, privateKeyPem }
-  writeFileSync(identityPath, JSON.stringify(identity, null, 2), {
-    mode: 0o600,
-  })
-
-  seedPairedDevice(openclawDir, identity)
-  logger.info('Generated client device identity and pre-seeded pairing')
-
-  return identity
-}
-
-function seedPairedDevice(openclawDir: string, identity: DeviceIdentity): void {
-  const devicesDir = join(openclawDir, 'devices')
-  mkdirSync(devicesDir, { recursive: true })
-
-  const pairedPath = join(devicesDir, 'paired.json')
-  let paired: Record<string, unknown> = {}
-  try {
-    paired = JSON.parse(readFileSync(pairedPath, 'utf-8'))
-  } catch {
-    // First time
-  }
-
-  const rawPub = rawPublicKeyFromPem(identity.publicKeyPem)
-  paired[identity.deviceId] = {
-    deviceId: identity.deviceId,
-    publicKey: rawPub.toString('base64url'),
-    platform: process.platform,
-    clientId: 'cli',
-    clientMode: 'cli',
-    role: 'operator',
-    roles: ['operator'],
-    scopes: SCOPES,
-    pairedAt: Date.now(),
-    label: 'browseros-server',
-  }
-
-  writeFileSync(pairedPath, JSON.stringify(paired, null, 2), { mode: 0o600 })
-}
-
-// ── Gateway Client ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-export class GatewayClient {
-  private ws: WebSocket | null = null
-  private _connected = false
-  private pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingRequest>()
-  private device: DeviceIdentity | null = null
-  private connectionState: GatewayClientConnectionState = 'idle'
-  private lastHandshakeError: GatewayHandshakeError | null = null
-
-  constructor(
-    private readonly port: number,
-    private readonly token: string,
-    private readonly openclawDir: string,
-    private readonly version = '1.0.0',
-  ) {
-    try {
-      const identityPath = join(this.openclawDir, 'client-identity.json')
-      this.device = JSON.parse(readFileSync(identityPath, 'utf-8'))
-    } catch {
-      logger.warn('Client device identity not found, WS auth may fail')
-    }
-  }
-
-  get isConnected(): boolean {
-    return this._connected
-  }
-
-  get state(): GatewayClientConnectionState {
-    return this.connectionState
-  }
-
-  get lastError(): GatewayHandshakeError | null {
-    return this.lastHandshakeError
-  }
-
-  async connect(): Promise<void> {
-    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      this.connectionState = 'connecting'
-      this.lastHandshakeError = null
-      logger.info('Connecting to OpenClaw Gateway WS', {
-        port: this.port,
-        hasDeviceIdentity: !!this.device,
-      })
-      this.ws = new WebSocket(`ws://127.0.0.1:${this.port}`, {
-        headers: { Origin: `http://127.0.0.1:${this.port}` },
-      } as unknown as string[])
-
-      let handshakeComplete = false
-      let connectReqId: string | null = null
-
-      this.ws.onmessage = (event) => {
-        const frame = GatewayClient.parseFrame(event.data)
-        if (!frame) return
-
-        if (!handshakeComplete) {
-          if (frame.type === 'event' && frame.event === 'connect.challenge') {
-            const nonce = (frame.payload as Record<string, unknown>)
-              ?.nonce as string
-            logger.info('Received OpenClaw Gateway challenge', {
-              hasNonce: !!nonce,
-              hasDeviceIdentity: !!this.device,
-            })
-            connectReqId = globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()
-
-            const params: Record<string, unknown> = {
-              minProtocol: 3,
-              maxProtocol: 3,
-              client: {
-                id: 'cli',
-                version: this.version,
-                platform: process.platform,
-                mode: 'cli',
-              },
-              role: 'operator',
-              scopes: SCOPES,
-              caps: [],
-              commands: [],
-              permissions: {},
-              auth: { token: this.token },
-              locale: 'en-US',
-              userAgent: `browseros-server/${this.version}`,
-            }
-
-            if (this.device && nonce) {
-              const signed = signChallenge(this.device, nonce, this.token)
-              params.device = {
-                id: this.device.deviceId,
-                publicKey: signed.publicKey,
-                signature: signed.signature,
-                signedAt: signed.signedAt,
-                nonce,
-              }
-            }
-
-            this.ws?.send(
-              JSON.stringify({
-                type: 'req',
-                id: connectReqId,
-                method: 'connect',
-                params,
-              }),
-            )
-            return
-          }
-
-          if (frame.type === 'res' && frame.id === connectReqId) {
-            if (frame.ok) {
-              handshakeComplete = true
-              this._connected = true
-              this.connectionState = 'connected'
-              logger.info('Gateway WS connected')
-              resolve()
-            } else {
-              const msg = frame.error?.message ?? 'Handshake failed'
-              this.connectionState = 'failed'
-              this.lastHandshakeError = {
-                message: msg,
-                code: frame.error?.code,
-              }
-              logger.error('Gateway WS handshake rejected', {
-                error: msg,
-                code: frame.error?.code,
-              })
-              reject(new Error(msg))
-            }
-            return
-          }
-          return
-        }
-
-        this.resolvePendingRequest(frame)
-      }
-
-      this.ws.onerror = (err) => {
-        logger.error('Gateway WS socket error', {
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'unknown',
-          handshakeComplete,
-        })
-        if (!handshakeComplete) {
-          this.connectionState = 'failed'
-          reject(
-            new Error(
-              `WS connection error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'unknown'}`,
-            ),
-          )
-        }
-      }
-
-      this.ws.onclose = () => {
-        this._connected = false
-        this.connectionState = 'closed'
-        this.rejectAllPending('WebSocket closed')
-        if (handshakeComplete) {
-          logger.info('Gateway WS disconnected')
-        }
-        this.ws = null
-      }
-    })
-  }
-
-  disconnect(): void {
-    this._connected = false
-    this.connectionState = 'closed'
-    this.rejectAllPending('Client disconnecting')
-    if (this.ws) {
-      this.ws.onclose = null
-      this.ws.close()
-      this.ws = null
-    }
-  }
-
-  // ── RPC ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-  async rpc<T = Record<string, unknown>>(
-    method: string,
-    params: Record<string, unknown> = {},
-  ): Promise<T> {
-    if (!this._connected || !this.ws) {
-      throw new Error('Gateway WS not connected')
-    }
-    const id = globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()
-
-    return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-        this.pendingRequests.delete(id)
-        reject(new Error(`RPC timeout: ${method}`))
-      }, RPC_TIMEOUT_MS)
-
-      this.pendingRequests.set(id, {
-        resolve: resolve as (value: unknown) => void,
-        reject,
-        timer,
-      })
-
-      this.ws?.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'req', id, method, params }))
-    })
-  }
-
-  // ── Agent Methods ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-  async listAgents(): Promise<GatewayAgentEntry[]> {
-    const result = await this.rpc<{
-      agents: Array<{
-        id: string
-        name?: string
-        workspace: string
-        model?: string
-      }>
-    }>('agents.list')
-
-    return (result.agents ?? []).map((a) => ({
-      agentId: a.id,
-      name: a.name ?? a.id,
-      workspace: a.workspace,
-      model: a.model,
-    }))
-  }
-
-  async createAgent(input: {
-    name: string
-    workspace: string
-    model?: string
-  }): Promise<GatewayAgentEntry> {
-    const result = await this.rpc<{
-      agentId?: string
-      id?: string
-      name?: string
-      workspace?: string
-      model?: string
-    }>('agents.create', input)
-
-    return {
-      agentId: result.agentId ?? result.id ?? input.name,
-      name: result.name ?? input.name,
-      workspace: result.workspace ?? input.workspace,
-      model: result.model ?? input.model,
-    }
-  }
-
-  async deleteAgent(agentId: string): Promise<void> {
-    await this.rpc('agents.delete', { id: agentId })
-  }
-
-  // ── Health ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-  async getHealth(): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
-    return this.rpc('health')
-  }
-
-  // ── Chat Stream ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-  chatStream(
-    agentId: string,
-    sessionKey: string,
-    message: string,
-  ): ReadableStream<OpenClawStreamEvent> {
-    if (!this._connected) {
-      throw new Error('Gateway WS not connected')
-    }
-
-    const fullSessionKey = `agent:${agentId}:browseros-${sessionKey}`
-    const idempotencyKey = globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()
-    const streamClient = new GatewayClient(
-      this.port,
-      this.token,
-      this.openclawDir,
-      this.version,
-    )
-
-    return new ReadableStream<OpenClawStreamEvent>({
-      start: async (controller) => {
-        try {
-          await streamClient.connect()
-        } catch (error) {
-          controller.enqueue({
-            type: 'error',
-            data: {
-              message:
-                error instanceof Error
-                  ? error.message
-                  : 'Gateway WS not connected',
-            },
-          })
-          controller.close()
-          return
-        }
-
-        const ws = streamClient.ws
-        if (!ws) {
-          controller.enqueue({
-            type: 'error',
-            data: { message: 'Gateway WS not connected' },
-          })
-          controller.close()
-          return
-        }
-
-        const subscribeId = globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()
-        const agentReqId = globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()
-        let finished = false
-
-        const finish = (event?: OpenClawStreamEvent) => {
-          if (finished) return
-          finished = true
-          if (event) controller.enqueue(event)
-          controller.close()
-          streamClient.disconnect()
-        }
-
-        ws.onmessage = (event) => {
-          const frame = GatewayClient.parseFrame(event.data)
-          if (!frame) return
-
-          if (
-            this.handleChatStreamControlFrame(
-              frame,
-              subscribeId,
-              agentReqId,
-              finish,
-            )
-          ) {
-            return
-          }
-
-          this.handleChatStreamEventFrame(frame, controller, finish)
-        }
-
-        ws.onclose = () => {
-          if (finished) return
-          finish({
-            type: 'error',
-            data: { message: 'Gateway WS disconnected' },
-          })
-        }
-
-        ws.onerror = () => {
-          if (finished) return
-          finish({
-            type: 'error',
-            data: { message: 'Gateway WS connection error' },
-          })
-        }
-
-        ws.send(
-          JSON.stringify({
-            type: 'req',
-            id: subscribeId,
-            method: 'sessions.subscribe',
-            params: { sessionKey: fullSessionKey },
-          }),
-        )
-
-        ws.send(
-          JSON.stringify({
-            type: 'req',
-            id: agentReqId,
-            method: 'agent',
-            params: {
-              message,
-              sessionKey: fullSessionKey,
-              idempotencyKey,
-            },
-          }),
-        )
-      },
-      cancel: () => {
-        if (streamClient.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
-          streamClient.ws.send(
-            JSON.stringify({
-              type: 'req',
-              id: globalThis.crypto.randomUUID(),
-              method: 'sessions.abort',
-              params: { sessionKey: fullSessionKey },
-            }),
-          )
-        }
-        streamClient.disconnect()
-      },
-    })
-  }
-
-  // ── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-  static agentWorkspace(name: string): string {
-    return name === 'main'
-      ? `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`
-      : `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-${name}`
-  }
-
-  private static parseFrame(data: unknown): WsFrame | null {
-    try {
-      return JSON.parse(
-        typeof data === 'string'
-          ? data
-          : new TextDecoder().decode(data as ArrayBuffer),
-      ) as WsFrame
-    } catch {
-      return null
-    }
-  }
-
-  private rejectAllPending(reason: string): void {
-    for (const [id, pending] of this.pendingRequests) {
-      clearTimeout(pending.timer)
-      pending.reject(new Error(reason))
-      this.pendingRequests.delete(id)
-    }
-  }
-
-  private resolvePendingRequest(frame: WsFrame): void {
-    if (frame.type !== 'res' || !frame.id) return
-
-    const pending = this.pendingRequests.get(frame.id)
-    if (!pending) return
-
-    this.pendingRequests.delete(frame.id)
-    clearTimeout(pending.timer)
-    if (frame.ok) {
-      pending.resolve(frame.payload)
-    } else {
-      pending.reject(new Error(frame.error?.message ?? 'RPC error'))
-    }
-  }
-
-  private handleChatStreamControlFrame(
-    frame: WsFrame,
-    subscribeId: string,
-    agentReqId: string,
-    finish: (event?: OpenClawStreamEvent) => void,
-  ): boolean {
-    if (frame.type !== 'res' || !frame.id) return false
-    if (frame.id !== subscribeId && frame.id !== agentReqId) return false
-
-    if (!frame.ok) {
-      finish({
-        type: 'error',
-        data: {
-          message: frame.error?.message ?? 'RPC error',
-          code: frame.error?.code,
-        },
-      })
-    }
-
-    return true
-  }
-
-  private handleChatStreamEventFrame(
-    frame: WsFrame,
-    controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
-    finish: (event?: OpenClawStreamEvent) => void,
-  ): void {
-    if (frame.type !== 'event' || !frame.event || !frame.payload) return
-
-    switch (frame.event) {
-      case 'agent':
-        this.handleAgentStreamEvent(frame.payload, controller)
-        return
-      case 'session.tool':
-        this.handleSessionToolStreamEvent(frame.payload, controller)
-        return
-      case 'session.message':
-        this.handleSessionMessageStreamEvent(frame.payload, controller)
-        return
-      case 'chat':
-        this.handleChatCompletionEvent(frame.payload, finish)
-        return
-      default:
-        return
-    }
-  }
-
-  private handleAgentStreamEvent(
-    payload: Record<string, unknown>,
-    controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
-  ): void {
-    const streamType = payload.stream as string | undefined
-    const data = payload.data as Record<string, unknown> | undefined
-
-    if (streamType === 'assistant' && data?.delta) {
-      controller.enqueue({
-        type: 'text-delta',
-        data: { text: data.delta },
-      })
-      return
-    }
-
-    if (streamType === 'item' && data) {
-      const phase = data.phase as string | undefined
-      if (phase === 'start') {
-        controller.enqueue({
-          type: 'tool-start',
-          data: {
-            toolCallId: data.toolCallId ?? data.id,
-            toolName: data.name ?? data.title,
-            kind: data.kind,
-          },
-        })
-        return
-      }
-
-      if (phase === 'end') {
-        controller.enqueue({
-          type: 'tool-end',
-          data: {
-            toolCallId: data.toolCallId ?? data.id,
-            status: data.status,
-            durationMs: data.durationMs,
-          },
-        })
-        return
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (streamType === 'lifecycle') {
-      controller.enqueue({
-        type: 'lifecycle',
-        data: { phase: data?.phase ?? payload.phase },
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-  private handleSessionToolStreamEvent(
-    payload: Record<string, unknown>,
-    controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
-  ): void {
-    const toolData = (payload.data as Record<string, unknown>) ?? payload
-    const phase = (toolData.phase as string) ?? (payload.phase as string)
-    if (phase !== 'result') return
-
-    controller.enqueue({
-      type: 'tool-output',
-      data: {
-        toolCallId: toolData.toolCallId,
-        isError: toolData.isError ?? false,
-        meta: toolData.meta,
-      },
-    })
-  }
-
-  private handleSessionMessageStreamEvent(
-    payload: Record<string, unknown>,
-    controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
-  ): void {
-    const message = payload.message as Record<string, unknown> | undefined
-    if (message?.role !== 'assistant') return
-
-    const content = message.content as
-      | Array<Record<string, unknown>>
-      | undefined
-    if (!content) return
-
-    for (const block of content) {
-      if (block.type !== 'thinking') continue
-
-      const text =
-        (block.thinking as string) ??
-        (block.content as string) ??
-        (block.text as string) ??
-        ''
-      if (!text) continue
-
-      controller.enqueue({
-        type: 'thinking',
-        data: { text },
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-  private handleChatCompletionEvent(
-    payload: Record<string, unknown>,
-    finish: (event?: OpenClawStreamEvent) => void,
-  ): void {
-    if ((payload.state as string | undefined) !== 'final') return
-
-    finish({
-      type: 'done',
-      data: { text: (payload.text as string) ?? '' },
-    })
-  }
-}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-cli-client.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+import { OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
+
+type LogFn = (line: string) => void
+
+interface ContainerExecutor {
+  execInContainer(command: string[], onLog?: LogFn): Promise<number>
+}
+
+export interface OpenClawConfigBatchEntry {
+  path: string
+  value: unknown
+}
+
+interface RawAgentRecord {
+  id: string
+  name?: string
+  workspace: string
+  model?: string
+}
+
+export interface OpenClawAgentRecord {
+  agentId: string
+  name: string
+  workspace: string
+  model?: string
+}
+
+export class OpenClawCliClient {
+  constructor(private readonly executor: ContainerExecutor) {}
+
+  async runOnboard(
+    input: {
+      acceptRisk?: boolean
+      authChoice?: string
+      customBaseUrl?: string
+      customCompatibility?: 'anthropic' | 'openai-completions'
+      customModelId?: string
+      customProviderId?: string
+      gatewayAuth?: 'none' | 'password' | 'token'
+      gatewayBind?: 'auto' | 'custom' | 'lan' | 'loopback' | 'tailnet'
+      gatewayPort?: number
+      gatewayToken?: string
+      gatewayTokenRefEnv?: string
+      installDaemon?: boolean
+      mode?: 'local' | 'remote'
+      nonInteractive?: boolean
+      reset?: boolean
+      resetScope?: 'config' | 'config+creds+sessions' | 'full'
+      secretInputMode?: 'plain' | 'ref'
+      skipHealth?: boolean
+      workspace?: string
+    } = {},
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const args = ['onboard']
+
+    if (input.nonInteractive) {
+      args.push('--non-interactive')
+    }
+    if (input.mode) {
+      args.push('--mode', input.mode)
+    }
+    if (input.workspace) {
+      args.push('--workspace', input.workspace)
+    }
+    if (input.reset) {
+      args.push('--reset')
+    }
+    if (input.resetScope) {
+      args.push('--reset-scope', input.resetScope)
+    }
+    if (input.authChoice) {
+      args.push('--auth-choice', input.authChoice)
+    }
+    if (input.secretInputMode) {
+      args.push('--secret-input-mode', input.secretInputMode)
+    }
+    if (input.customBaseUrl) {
+      args.push('--custom-base-url', input.customBaseUrl)
+    }
+    if (input.customModelId) {
+      args.push('--custom-model-id', input.customModelId)
+    }
+    if (input.customProviderId) {
+      args.push('--custom-provider-id', input.customProviderId)
+    }
+    if (input.customCompatibility) {
+      args.push('--custom-compatibility', input.customCompatibility)
+    }
+    if (input.gatewayAuth) {
+      args.push('--gateway-auth', input.gatewayAuth)
+    }
+    if (input.gatewayToken) {
+      args.push('--gateway-token', input.gatewayToken)
+    }
+    if (input.gatewayTokenRefEnv) {
+      args.push('--gateway-token-ref-env', input.gatewayTokenRefEnv)
+    }
+    if (input.gatewayPort) {
+      args.push('--gateway-port', String(input.gatewayPort))
+    }
+    if (input.gatewayBind) {
+      args.push('--gateway-bind', input.gatewayBind)
+    }
+    if (input.installDaemon === true) {
+      args.push('--install-daemon')
+    } else if (input.installDaemon === false) {
+      args.push('--no-install-daemon')
+    }
+    if (input.skipHealth) {
+      args.push('--skip-health')
+    }
+    if (input.acceptRisk) {
+      args.push('--accept-risk')
+    }
+
+    await this.runCommand(args)
+  }
+
+  async setConfig(path: string, value: unknown): Promise<void> {
+    await this.runCommand(['config', 'set', path, formatConfigValue(value)])
+  }
+
+  async setConfigBatch(entries: OpenClawConfigBatchEntry[]): Promise<void> {
+    await this.runCommand([
+      'config',
+      'set',
+      '--batch-json',
+      JSON.stringify(entries),
+    ])
+  }
+
+  async getConfig(path: string): Promise<unknown> {
+    const output = await this.runCommand(['config', 'get', path])
+    return parseConfigValue(output)
+  }
+
+  async validateConfig(): Promise<unknown> {
+    const output = await this.runCommand(['config', 'validate', '--json'])
+    return parseConfigValue(output)
+  }
+
+  async setDefaultModel(model: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.runCommand(['models', 'set', model])
+  }
+
+  async listAgents(): Promise<OpenClawAgentRecord[]> {
+    const records = await this.runAgentListCommand()
+    const agents = Array.isArray(records) ? records : (records.agents ?? [])
+    return agents.map((record) => ({
+      agentId: record.id,
+      name: record.name ?? record.id,
+      workspace: record.workspace,
+      model: record.model,
+    }))
+  }
+
+  async createAgent(input: {
+    name: string
+    model?: string
+  }): Promise<OpenClawAgentRecord> {
+    const workspace = this.agentWorkspace(input.name)
+    const args = ['agents', 'add', input.name, '--workspace', workspace]
+
+    if (input.model) {
+      args.push('--model', input.model)
+    }
+
+    args.push('--non-interactive', '--json')
+    await this.runCommand(args)
+
+    const agents = await this.listAgents()
+    const agent = agents.find((entry) => entry.agentId === input.name)
+    if (!agent) {
+      throw new Error(`Created agent ${input.name} was not found in agent list`)
+    }
+
+    return agent
+  }
+
+  async deleteAgent(agentId: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.runCommand(['agents', 'delete', agentId, '--force', '--json'])
+  }
+
+  async probe(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.listAgents()
+  }
+
+  private agentWorkspace(name: string): string {
+    return name === 'main'
+      ? `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`
+      : `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-${name}`
+  }
+
+  private async runCommand(args: string[]): Promise<string> {
+    const output: string[] = []
+    const command = ['node', 'dist/index.js', ...args]
+    const exitCode = await this.executor.execInContainer(command, (line) => {
+      output.push(line)
+    })
+
+    if (exitCode !== 0) {
+      const detail = output.join('\n').trim()
+      throw new Error(
+        detail || `OpenClaw command failed (${args.slice(0, 2).join(' ')})`,
+      )
+    }
+
+    return output.join('\n').trim()
+  }
+
+  private async runAgentListCommand(): Promise<
+    RawAgentRecord[] | { agents?: RawAgentRecord[] }
+  > {
+    const output = await this.runCommand(['agents', 'list', '--json'])
+    return parseAgentListOutput(output)
+  }
+}
+
+function formatConfigValue(value: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return value
+  return JSON.stringify(value)
+}
+
+function parseConfigValue(output: string): unknown {
+  const parsed = selectConfigJson<unknown>(output)
+  return parsed ?? output
+}
+
+function parseAgentListOutput(
+  output: string,
+): RawAgentRecord[] | { agents?: RawAgentRecord[] } {
+  const parsed = parseFirstMatchingJson<
+    RawAgentRecord[] | { agents?: RawAgentRecord[] }
+  >(output, isAgentListPayload)
+  if (parsed !== null) return parsed
+
+  throw new Error(
+    `Failed to parse OpenClaw JSON output: ${output.slice(0, 200)}`,
+  )
+}
+
+function parseFirstMatchingJson<T>(
+  output: string,
+  predicate?: (value: unknown) => boolean,
+): T | null {
+  const candidates = collectJsonCandidates(output)
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const parsed = tryParseJson<T>(candidate)
+    if (parsed === null) continue
+    if (predicate && !predicate(parsed)) continue
+    return parsed
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function selectConfigJson<T>(output: string): T | null {
+  const candidates = collectJsonCandidates(output)
+  const parsedCandidates: Array<{ text: string; value: T }> = []
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const parsed = tryParseJson<T>(candidate)
+    if (parsed === null) continue
+    if (isStructuredLogPayload(parsed)) continue
+    parsedCandidates.push({ text: candidate, value: parsed })
+  }
+
+  if (parsedCandidates.length === 0) return null
+
+  return parsedCandidates.reduce((best, candidate) =>
+    candidate.text.length > best.text.length ? candidate : best,
+  ).value
+}
+
+function collectJsonCandidates(output: string): string[] {
+  const candidates = [output.trim()]
+
+  for (const line of output.split(/\r?\n/)) {
+    const trimmed = line.trim()
+    if (trimmed) candidates.push(trimmed)
+  }
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < output.length; index += 1) {
+    const char = output[index]
+    if (char !== '[' && char !== '{') continue
+    const extracted = extractJsonSubstring(output, index)
+    if (extracted) {
+      candidates.push(extracted)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return candidates
+}
+
+function extractJsonSubstring(
+  output: string,
+  startIndex: number,
+): string | null {
+  const opening = output[startIndex]
+  const closing = opening === '{' ? '}' : ']'
+  const stack: string[] = [closing]
+  let inString = false
+  let escaped = false
+
+  for (let index = startIndex + 1; index < output.length; index += 1) {
+    const char = output[index]
+
+    if (inString) {
+      if (escaped) {
+        escaped = false
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '\\') {
+        escaped = true
+        continue
+      }
+      if (char === '"') {
+        inString = false
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (char === '"') {
+      inString = true
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (char === '{') {
+      stack.push('}')
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (char === '[') {
+      stack.push(']')
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const expectedClosing = stack[stack.length - 1]
+    if (char === expectedClosing) {
+      stack.pop()
+      if (stack.length === 0) {
+        return output.slice(startIndex, index + 1)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function tryParseJson<T>(value: string): T | null {
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+  if (!trimmed) return null
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(trimmed) as T
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function isAgentListPayload(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is RawAgentRecord[] | { agents?: RawAgentRecord[] } {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return value.every(isRawAgentRecord)
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(value)) return false
+
+  if (!('agents' in value)) return false
+
+  const agents = (value as { agents?: unknown }).agents
+  return (
+    agents === undefined ||
+    (Array.isArray(agents) && agents.every(isRawAgentRecord))
+  )
+}
+
+function isRawAgentRecord(value: unknown): value is RawAgentRecord {
+  return (
+    isPlainObject(value) &&
+    typeof value.id === 'string' &&
+    typeof value.workspace === 'string' &&
+    (value.name === undefined || typeof value.name === 'string') &&
+    (value.model === undefined || typeof value.model === 'string')
+  )
+}
+
+function isPlainObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+function isStructuredLogPayload(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (!isPlainObject(value)) return false
+
+  return (
+    typeof value.level === 'string' &&
+    (typeof value.message === 'string' || typeof value.msg === 'string')
+  )
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-config.ts

@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
- *
- * Pure functions for building OpenClaw bootstrap configuration.
- * Config is write-once at setup — agent CRUD uses WS RPC, not config edits.
- */
-
-import {
-  OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME,
-  OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT,
-} from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
-import { DEFAULT_PORTS } from '@browseros/shared/constants/ports'
-
-const OPENCLAW_IMAGE = 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:latest'
-
-export const PROVIDER_ENV_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
-  anthropic: 'ANTHROPIC_API_KEY',
-  openai: 'OPENAI_API_KEY',
-  google: 'GEMINI_API_KEY',
-  openrouter: 'OPENROUTER_API_KEY',
-  moonshot: 'MOONSHOT_API_KEY',
-  groq: 'GROQ_API_KEY',
-  mistral: 'MISTRAL_API_KEY',
-}
-
-export interface OpenClawProviderInput {
-  providerType?: string
-  providerName?: string
-  baseUrl?: string
-  modelId?: string
-  apiKey?: string
-}
-
-export interface BootstrapConfigInput {
-  gatewayPort: number
-  gatewayToken: string
-  browserosServerPort?: number
-  providerType?: string
-  providerName?: string
-  baseUrl?: string
-  modelId?: string
-}
-
-export interface EnvFileInput {
-  image?: string
-  port?: number
-  token: string
-  configDir: string
-  timezone?: string
-  providerKeys?: Record<string, string>
-}
-
-export interface ResolvedProviderConfig {
-  model?: string
-  providerKeys: Record<string, string>
-  models?: {
-    mode: 'merge'
-    providers: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>
-  }
-}
-
-function hasBuiltinProvider(providerType?: string): providerType is string {
-  return !!providerType && providerType in PROVIDER_ENV_MAP
-}
-
-/**
- * OpenRouter's public slugs use dots for version numbers
- * (e.g. `anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5`), but openclaw's model registry expects
- * dashes (`claude-haiku-4-5`). Passing the dotted form makes openclaw fail
- * the registry lookup silently and the agent turn completes with zero
- * payloads. Rewrite dots to dashes for openrouter model ids only.
- */
-function normalizeBuiltinModelId(
-  providerType: string,
-  modelId: string,
-): string {
-  if (providerType !== 'openrouter') return modelId
-  return modelId.replace(/\./g, '-')
-}
-
-export function deriveOpenClawProviderId(providerInput: {
-  providerType?: string
-  providerName?: string
-  baseUrl?: string
-}): string {
-  const source =
-    providerInput.providerName?.trim() ||
-    providerInput.baseUrl?.trim() ||
-    providerInput.providerType?.trim() ||
-    'custom-provider'
-
-  const candidate = source
-    .toLowerCase()
-    .replace(/^https?:\/\//, '')
-    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
-    .replace(/^-|-$/g, '')
-
-  return candidate || 'custom-provider'
-}
-
-export function deriveOpenClawApiKeyEnvVar(providerId: string): string {
-  return `${providerId.toUpperCase().replace(/-/g, '_')}_API_KEY`
-}
-
-export function resolveProviderConfig(
-  input: OpenClawProviderInput,
-): ResolvedProviderConfig {
-  if (!input.providerType) {
-    return { providerKeys: {} }
-  }
-
-  if (hasBuiltinProvider(input.providerType)) {
-    const providerKeys: Record<string, string> = {}
-    if (input.apiKey) {
-      providerKeys[PROVIDER_ENV_MAP[input.providerType]] = input.apiKey
-    }
-
-    const normalizedModelId = input.modelId
-      ? normalizeBuiltinModelId(input.providerType, input.modelId)
-      : undefined
-
-    return {
-      providerKeys,
-      model: normalizedModelId
-        ? `${input.providerType}/${normalizedModelId}`
-        : undefined,
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!input.baseUrl) {
-    return { providerKeys: {} }
-  }
-
-  const providerId = deriveOpenClawProviderId(input)
-  const apiKeyEnvVar = deriveOpenClawApiKeyEnvVar(providerId)
-  const providerKeys: Record<string, string> = {}
-
-  if (input.apiKey) {
-    providerKeys[apiKeyEnvVar] = input.apiKey
-  }
-
-  const providerConfig: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    baseUrl: input.baseUrl,
-    apiKey: `\${${apiKeyEnvVar}}`,
-    api: 'openai-completions',
-  }
-
-  if (input.modelId) {
-    providerConfig.models = [{ id: input.modelId, name: input.modelId }]
-  }
-
-  return {
-    providerKeys,
-    model: input.modelId ? `${providerId}/${input.modelId}` : undefined,
-    models: {
-      mode: 'merge',
-      providers: {
-        [providerId]: providerConfig,
-      },
-    },
-  }
-}
-
-export function buildBootstrapConfig(
-  input: BootstrapConfigInput,
-): Record<string, unknown> {
-  const serverPort = input.browserosServerPort ?? DEFAULT_PORTS.server
-  const provider = resolveProviderConfig(input)
-
-  const defaults: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
-    timeoutSeconds: 4200,
-    thinkingDefault: 'adaptive',
-  }
-
-  if (provider.model) {
-    defaults.model = { primary: provider.model }
-  }
-  const config: Record<string, unknown> = {
-    gateway: {
-      mode: 'local',
-      port: input.gatewayPort,
-      bind: 'lan',
-      auth: { mode: 'token', token: input.gatewayToken },
-      reload: { mode: 'restart' },
-      controlUi: {
-        allowInsecureAuth: true,
-        allowedOrigins: [
-          `http://127.0.0.1:${input.gatewayPort}`,
-          `http://localhost:${input.gatewayPort}`,
-        ],
-      },
-      http: {
-        endpoints: {
-          chatCompletions: { enabled: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    agents: { defaults },
-    tools: {
-      profile: 'full',
-      web: {
-        search: { provider: 'duckduckgo', enabled: true },
-      },
-      exec: {
-        host: 'gateway',
-        security: 'full',
-        ask: 'off',
-      },
-    },
-    cron: { enabled: true },
-    hooks: {
-      internal: {
-        enabled: true,
-        entries: {
-          'boot-md': { enabled: true },
-          'bootstrap-extra-files': { enabled: true },
-          'session-memory': { enabled: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    mcp: {
-      servers: {
-        browseros: {
-          url: `http://host.containers.internal:${serverPort}/mcp`,
-          transport: 'streamable-http',
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    approvals: {
-      exec: { enabled: false },
-    },
-    skills: {
-      install: { nodeManager: 'bun' },
-    },
-  }
-
-  if (provider.models) {
-    config.models = provider.models
-  }
-
-  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
-    config.logging = { level: 'debug', consoleLevel: 'debug' }
-  }
-
-  return config
-}
-
-export function buildEnvFile(input: EnvFileInput): string {
-  const lines: string[] = [
-    `OPENCLAW_IMAGE=${input.image ?? OPENCLAW_IMAGE}`,
-    `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT=${input.port ?? OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT}`,
-    `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN=${input.token}`,
-    `OPENCLAW_CONFIG_DIR=${input.configDir}`,
-    `TZ=${input.timezone ?? Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().timeZone}`,
-  ]
-
-  if (input.providerKeys) {
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(input.providerKeys)) {
-      lines.push(`${key}=${value}`)
-    }
-  }
-
-  return `${lines.join('\n')}\n`
-}
-
-export function resolveProviderKeys(
-  input: OpenClawProviderInput,
-): Record<string, string> {
-  return resolveProviderConfig(input).providerKeys
-}
-
-export function resolveProviderModel(
-  input: OpenClawProviderInput,
-): string | undefined {
-  return resolveProviderConfig(input).model
-}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-env.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+
+const STATE_DIR_NAME = '.openclaw'
+
+export function getOpenClawStateDir(openclawDir: string): string {
+  return join(openclawDir, STATE_DIR_NAME)
+}
+
+export function getOpenClawStateConfigPath(openclawDir: string): string {
+  return join(getOpenClawStateDir(openclawDir), 'openclaw.json')
+}
+
+export function getOpenClawStateEnvPath(openclawDir: string): string {
+  return join(getOpenClawStateDir(openclawDir), '.env')
+}
+
+export function getHostWorkspaceDir(
+  openclawDir: string,
+  agentName: string,
+): string {
+  return join(
+    getOpenClawStateDir(openclawDir),
+    agentName === 'main' ? 'workspace' : `workspace-${agentName}`,
+  )
+}
+
+export function mergeEnvContent(
+  current: string,
+  updates: Record<string, string>,
+): { changed: boolean; content: string } {
+  if (Object.keys(updates).length === 0) {
+    return {
+      changed: false,
+      content: normalizeEnvContent(current),
+    }
+  }
+
+  const lines = current === '' ? [] : current.replace(/\r\n/g, '\n').split('\n')
+  const nextLines = [...lines]
+  let changed = false
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(updates)) {
+    const replacement = `${key}=${value}`
+    const index = nextLines.findIndex((line) => line.startsWith(`${key}=`))
+    if (index === -1) {
+      nextLines.push(replacement)
+      changed = true
+      continue
+    }
+    if (nextLines[index] === replacement) {
+      continue
+    }
+    nextLines[index] = replacement
+    changed = true
+  }
+
+  const content = normalizeEnvContent(nextLines.join('\n'))
+  return {
+    changed: changed || content !== normalizeEnvContent(current),
+    content,
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeEnvContent(content: string): string {
+  const trimmed = content.trim()
+  return trimmed ? `${trimmed}\n` : ''
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-http-chat-client.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+import { createParser, type EventSourceMessage } from 'eventsource-parser'
+import type { OpenClawStreamEvent } from './openclaw-types'
+
+export interface OpenClawChatRequest {
+  agentId: string
+  sessionKey: string
+  message: string
+  signal?: AbortSignal
+}
+
+export class OpenClawHttpChatClient {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly port: number,
+    private readonly getToken: () => Promise<string>,
+  ) {}
+
+  async streamChat(
+    input: OpenClawChatRequest,
+  ): Promise<ReadableStream<OpenClawStreamEvent>> {
+    const response = await this.fetchChat(input)
+    const body = response.body
+
+    if (!body) {
+      throw new Error('OpenClaw chat response had no body')
+    }
+
+    return createEventStream(body, input.signal)
+  }
+
+  private async fetchChat(input: OpenClawChatRequest): Promise<Response> {
+    const token = await this.getToken()
+    const response = await fetch(
+      `http://127.0.0.1:${this.port}/v1/chat/completions`,
+      {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {
+          Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          model: resolveAgentModel(input.agentId),
+          stream: true,
+          messages: [{ role: 'user', content: input.message }],
+          user: `browseros:${input.agentId}:${input.sessionKey}`,
+        }),
+        signal: input.signal,
+      },
+    )
+
+    if (response.ok) {
+      return response
+    }
+
+    const detail = await response.text()
+    throw new Error(
+      detail || `OpenClaw chat failed with status ${response.status}`,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+function resolveAgentModel(agentId: string): string {
+  return agentId === 'main' ? 'openclaw' : `openclaw/${agentId}`
+}
+
+function createEventStream(
+  body: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>,
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
+): ReadableStream<OpenClawStreamEvent> {
+  return new ReadableStream<OpenClawStreamEvent>({
+    start(controller) {
+      void pumpChatEvents(body, controller, signal)
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+async function pumpChatEvents(
+  body: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>,
+  controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const reader = body.getReader()
+  const decoder = new TextDecoder()
+  let text = ''
+  let done = false
+  const parser = createParser({
+    onEvent(message) {
+      if (done) return
+      const nextText = updateAccumulatedText(message, text)
+      done = handleMessage(message, controller, nextText, done)
+      if (!done) {
+        text = nextText
+      }
+    },
+  })
+
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      if (signal?.aborted) {
+        await reader.cancel()
+        controller.close()
+        return
+      }
+
+      const { done: streamDone, value } = await reader.read()
+      if (streamDone) break
+      parser.feed(decoder.decode(value, { stream: true }))
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (!done) {
+      controller.enqueue({
+        type: 'error',
+        data: {
+          message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        },
+      })
+      controller.close()
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (!done) {
+      controller.close()
+    }
+    reader.releaseLock()
+  }
+}
+
+function handleMessage(
+  message: EventSourceMessage,
+  controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
+  text: string,
+  done: boolean,
+): boolean {
+  if (message.data === '[DONE]') {
+    return finishStream(controller, text, done)
+  }
+
+  const chunk = parseChunk(message.data)
+  if (!chunk) {
+    controller.enqueue({
+      type: 'error',
+      data: { message: 'Failed to parse OpenClaw chat stream chunk' },
+    })
+    controller.close()
+    return true
+  }
+
+  for (const event of mapChunkToEvents(chunk)) {
+    controller.enqueue(event)
+  }
+
+  return hasFinishReason(chunk) ? finishStream(controller, text, done) : false
+}
+
+function updateAccumulatedText(
+  message: EventSourceMessage,
+  text: string,
+): string {
+  const chunk = parseChunk(message.data)
+  if (!chunk) return text
+
+  let next = text
+  for (const choice of readChoices(chunk)) {
+    const delta = readDeltaText(choice)
+    if (delta) {
+      next += delta
+    }
+  }
+  return next
+}
+
+function finishStream(
+  controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<OpenClawStreamEvent>,
+  text: string,
+  done: boolean,
+): boolean {
+  if (!done) {
+    if (!text.trim()) {
+      controller.enqueue({
+        type: 'error',
+        data: {
+          message: "Agent couldn't generate a response. Please try again.",
+        },
+      })
+      controller.close()
+      return true
+    }
+    controller.enqueue({
+      type: 'done',
+      data: { text },
+    })
+    controller.close()
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+function mapChunkToEvents(
+  chunk: Record<string, unknown>,
+): OpenClawStreamEvent[] {
+  const events: OpenClawStreamEvent[] = []
+
+  for (const choice of readChoices(chunk)) {
+    const delta = readDeltaText(choice)
+    if (delta) {
+      events.push({
+        type: 'text-delta',
+        data: { text: delta },
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return events
+}
+
+function hasFinishReason(chunk: Record<string, unknown>): boolean {
+  return readChoices(chunk).some((choice) => !!readFinishReason(choice))
+}
+
+function readChoices(
+  chunk: Record<string, unknown>,
+): Array<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  const choices = chunk.choices
+  return Array.isArray(choices)
+    ? choices.filter(
+        (choice): choice is Record<string, unknown> =>
+          !!choice && typeof choice === 'object',
+      )
+    : []
+}
+
+function readDeltaText(choice: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const delta = choice.delta
+  if (!delta || typeof delta !== 'object') return ''
+
+  const content = (delta as Record<string, unknown>).content
+  return typeof content === 'string' ? content : ''
+}
+
+function readFinishReason(choice: Record<string, unknown>): string | null {
+  const reason = choice.finish_reason
+  return typeof reason === 'string' && reason ? reason : null
+}
+
+function parseChunk(data: string): Record<string, unknown> | null {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(data) as Record<string, unknown>
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-provider-map.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+export const SUPPORTED_OPENCLAW_PROVIDERS = [
+  'openrouter',
+  'openai',
+  'anthropic',
+  'moonshot',
+] as const
+
+export type SupportedOpenClawProvider =
+  (typeof SUPPORTED_OPENCLAW_PROVIDERS)[number]
+
+const PROVIDER_ENV_VARS: Record<SupportedOpenClawProvider, string> = {
+  anthropic: 'ANTHROPIC_API_KEY',
+  moonshot: 'MOONSHOT_API_KEY',
+  openai: 'OPENAI_API_KEY',
+  openrouter: 'OPENROUTER_API_KEY',
+}
+
+export class UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError extends Error {
+  constructor(providerType: string) {
+    super(`Unsupported OpenClaw provider: ${providerType}`)
+    this.name = 'UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError'
+  }
+}
+
+export function isUnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(
+  error: unknown,
+): error is UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError {
+  return (
+    error instanceof UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError ||
+    (error instanceof Error &&
+      error.name === 'UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError')
+  )
+}
+
+export function isSupportedOpenClawProvider(
+  providerType: string,
+): providerType is SupportedOpenClawProvider {
+  return SUPPORTED_OPENCLAW_PROVIDERS.includes(
+    providerType as SupportedOpenClawProvider,
+  )
+}
+
+export function assertSupportedOpenClawProvider(
+  providerType?: string,
+): SupportedOpenClawProvider | undefined {
+  if (!providerType) {
+    return undefined
+  }
+  if (!isSupportedOpenClawProvider(providerType)) {
+    throw new UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError(providerType)
+  }
+  return providerType
+}
+
+export function buildOpenClawModelRef(
+  providerType: SupportedOpenClawProvider,
+  modelId?: string,
+): string | undefined {
+  return modelId ? `${providerType}/${modelId}` : undefined
+}
+
+export function getOpenClawProviderEnvVar(
+  providerType: SupportedOpenClawProvider,
+): string {
+  return PROVIDER_ENV_VARS[providerType]
+}
+
+export function resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider(input: {
+  providerType?: string
+  providerName?: string
+  baseUrl?: string
+  apiKey?: string
+  modelId?: string
+}): {
+  envValues: Record<string, string>
+  model?: string
+  providerType?: SupportedOpenClawProvider
+} {
+  const providerType = assertSupportedOpenClawProvider(input.providerType)
+  if (!providerType) {
+    return { envValues: {} }
+  }
+
+  const envVar = getOpenClawProviderEnvVar(providerType)
+  return {
+    envValues: input.apiKey ? { [envVar]: input.apiKey } : {},
+    model: buildOpenClawModelRef(providerType, input.modelId),
+    providerType,
+  }
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+export interface OpenClawStreamEvent {
+  type:
+    | 'text-delta'
+    | 'thinking'
+    | 'tool-start'
+    | 'tool-end'
+    | 'tool-output'
+    | 'lifecycle'
+    | 'done'
+    | 'error'
+  data: Record<string, unknown>
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/podman-overrides.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ * Persistence for user-supplied Podman runtime overrides.
+ * Temporary escape hatch so users can point BrowserOS at their own Podman
+ * (e.g. `brew install podman`) when the bundled runtime doesn't resolve helpers.
+ */
+
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { mkdir, readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+
+export interface PodmanOverrides {
+  podmanPath: string | null
+}
+
+const OVERRIDES_FILE_NAME = 'podman-overrides.json'
+
+export function getPodmanOverridesPath(openclawDir: string): string {
+  return join(openclawDir, OVERRIDES_FILE_NAME)
+}
+
+export async function loadPodmanOverrides(
+  openclawDir: string,
+): Promise<PodmanOverrides> {
+  const overridesPath = getPodmanOverridesPath(openclawDir)
+  if (!existsSync(overridesPath)) return { podmanPath: null }
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(
+      await readFile(overridesPath, 'utf-8'),
+    ) as Partial<PodmanOverrides>
+    return {
+      podmanPath:
+        typeof parsed.podmanPath === 'string' && parsed.podmanPath.length > 0
+          ? parsed.podmanPath
+          : null,
+    }
+  } catch {
+    return { podmanPath: null }
+  }
+}
+
+export async function savePodmanOverrides(
+  openclawDir: string,
+  overrides: PodmanOverrides,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await mkdir(openclawDir, { recursive: true })
+  await writeFile(
+    getPodmanOverridesPath(openclawDir),
+    `${JSON.stringify(overrides, null, 2)}\n`,
+  )
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/podman-runtime.ts

@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ export class PodmanRuntime {
         'machine',
         'init',
         '--cpus',
-        '2',
+        '8',
         '--memory',
-        '2048',
+        '8096',
         '--disk-size',
         '10',
       ],

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/api/services/openclaw/role-bootstrap.ts

@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  type BROWSEROS_ROLE_TEMPLATES,
-  getBrowserOSRoleTemplate,
-} from '@browseros/shared/constants/role-aware-agents'
-import type {
-  BrowserOSAgentRoleId,
-  BrowserOSAgentRoleSummary,
-  BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-  BrowserOSRoleTemplate,
-} from '@browseros/shared/types/role-aware-agents'
-
-type RoleTemplate = (typeof BROWSEROS_ROLE_TEMPLATES)[number]
-interface BootstrapRenderableRole {
-  name: string
-  shortDescription: string
-  longDescription: string
-  recommendedApps: string[]
-  boundaries: BrowserOSRoleTemplate['boundaries']
-  bootstrap: BrowserOSRoleTemplate['bootstrap']
-}
-
-export interface RoleBootstrapFiles {
-  'AGENTS.md': string
-  'SOUL.md': string
-  'TOOLS.md': string
-  '.browseros-role.json': string
-}
-
-export function resolveRoleTemplate(
-  roleId: BrowserOSAgentRoleId,
-): RoleTemplate {
-  const role = getBrowserOSRoleTemplate(roleId)
-  if (!role) {
-    throw new Error(`Unknown BrowserOS role: ${roleId}`)
-  }
-  return role
-}
-
-export function buildRoleBootstrapFiles(input: {
-  role: BrowserOSRoleTemplate | BrowserOSCustomRoleInput
-  agentName: string
-}): RoleBootstrapFiles {
-  const normalizedRole = normalizeRoleForBootstrap(input.role)
-  const roleId = 'id' in input.role ? input.role.id : undefined
-  return {
-    'AGENTS.md': normalizedRole.bootstrap.agentsMd,
-    'SOUL.md': normalizedRole.bootstrap.soulMd,
-    'TOOLS.md': normalizedRole.bootstrap.toolsMd,
-    '.browseros-role.json': `${JSON.stringify(
-      {
-        version: 1,
-        roleSource: roleId ? 'builtin' : 'custom',
-        roleId,
-        roleName: normalizedRole.name,
-        shortDescription: normalizedRole.shortDescription,
-        createdBy: 'browseros',
-        agentName: input.agentName,
-      },
-      null,
-      2,
-    )}\n`,
-  }
-}
-
-export function toRoleSummary(
-  role: BrowserOSRoleTemplate | BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-): BrowserOSAgentRoleSummary {
-  const normalizedRole = normalizeRoleForBootstrap(role)
-  return {
-    roleSource: 'id' in role ? 'builtin' : 'custom',
-    roleId: 'id' in role ? role.id : undefined,
-    roleName: normalizedRole.name,
-    shortDescription: normalizedRole.shortDescription,
-  }
-}
-
-export function normalizeCustomRole(
-  role: BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-): BootstrapRenderableRole {
-  const recommendedApps = Array.isArray(role.recommendedApps)
-    ? role.recommendedApps.filter(
-        (app): app is string => typeof app === 'string',
-      )
-    : []
-  const boundaries = Array.isArray(role.boundaries) ? role.boundaries : []
-
-  return {
-    name: role.name,
-    shortDescription: role.shortDescription,
-    longDescription: role.longDescription,
-    recommendedApps,
-    boundaries,
-    bootstrap: {
-      agentsMd:
-        role.bootstrap?.agentsMd?.trim() ||
-        buildAgentsMd({
-          name: role.name,
-          longDescription: role.longDescription,
-          boundaries,
-        }),
-      soulMd:
-        role.bootstrap?.soulMd?.trim() ||
-        buildSoulMd({
-          name: role.name,
-          shortDescription: role.shortDescription,
-          longDescription: role.longDescription,
-        }),
-      toolsMd:
-        role.bootstrap?.toolsMd?.trim() ||
-        buildToolsMd({
-          boundaries,
-          recommendedApps,
-        }),
-    },
-  }
-}
-
-function normalizeRoleForBootstrap(
-  role: BrowserOSRoleTemplate | BrowserOSCustomRoleInput,
-): BootstrapRenderableRole {
-  return 'id' in role ? role : normalizeCustomRole(role)
-}
-
-function buildAgentsMd(input: {
-  name: string
-  longDescription: string
-  boundaries: BrowserOSRoleTemplate['boundaries']
-}): string {
-  const boundaryLines = input.boundaries
-    .map(
-      (boundary) =>
-        `- ${boundary.label}: ${boundary.description} Default mode: ${boundary.defaultMode}.`,
-    )
-    .join('\n')
-
-  return `# ${input.name}
-
-You are the ${input.name} specialist for this workspace.
-
-## Core Purpose
-${input.longDescription}
-
-## Operating Rules
-${boundaryLines}
-
-## Default Output Style
-- concise
-- action-oriented
-- explicit about blockers and approvals
-`
-}
-
-function buildSoulMd(input: {
-  name: string
-  shortDescription: string
-  longDescription: string
-}): string {
-  return `# Operating Style
-
-You act like a trusted ${input.name}.
-
-## Working Posture
-- calm
-- structured
-- direct
-- explicit about tradeoffs
-
-## Role Framing
-${input.shortDescription}
-
-${input.longDescription}
-`
-}
-
-function buildToolsMd(input: {
-  boundaries: BrowserOSRoleTemplate['boundaries']
-  recommendedApps: string[]
-}): string {
-  const boundaryLines = input.boundaries
-    .map((boundary) => `- ${boundary.label}: ${boundary.defaultMode}`)
-    .join('\n')
-
-  const appsLine =
-    input.recommendedApps.length > 0
-      ? input.recommendedApps.join(', ')
-      : 'No specific apps configured yet.'
-
-  return `# Tooling Guidelines
-
-- Use BrowserOS MCP for browser and connected SaaS tasks.
-- Prefer read, summarize, and draft flows.
-- Keep outputs in the workspace when possible so work remains inspectable.
-
-## Recommended Apps
-${appsLine}
-
-## Boundary Defaults
-${boundaryLines}
-`
-}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/browser/browser.ts

@@ -517,15 +517,45 @@ export class Browser {
     return null
   }
 
+  private async resolveWindowIdForNewPage(opts?: {
+    hidden?: boolean
+    windowId?: number
+  }): Promise<number | undefined> {
+    if (!opts?.hidden) {
+      return opts?.windowId
+    }
+
+    if (opts.windowId !== undefined) {
+      const windows = await this.listWindows()
+      const targetWindow = windows.find(
+        (window) => window.windowId === opts.windowId,
+      )
+      if (targetWindow && !targetWindow.isVisible) {
+        return targetWindow.windowId
+      }
+      if (targetWindow?.isVisible) {
+        logger.warn(
+          'Requested hidden page target window is visible, creating a new hidden window instead',
+          {
+            requestedWindowId: opts.windowId,
+          },
+        )
+      }
+    }
+
+    const hiddenWindow = await this.createWindow({ hidden: true })
+    return hiddenWindow.windowId
+  }
+
   async newPage(
     url: string,
     opts?: { hidden?: boolean; background?: boolean; windowId?: number },
   ): Promise<number> {
+    const windowId = await this.resolveWindowIdForNewPage(opts)
     const createResult = await this.cdp.Browser.createTab({
       url,
-      ...(opts?.hidden !== undefined && { hidden: opts.hidden }),
       ...(opts?.background !== undefined && { background: opts.background }),
-      ...(opts?.windowId !== undefined && { windowId: opts.windowId }),
+      ...(windowId !== undefined && { windowId }),
     })
 
     const tabId = (createResult.tab as TabInfo).tabId
@@ -553,7 +583,7 @@ export class Browser {
       loadProgress: tabInfo.loadProgress,
       isPinned: tabInfo.isPinned,
       isHidden: tabInfo.isHidden,
-      windowId: tabInfo.windowId,
+      windowId: tabInfo.windowId ?? windowId,
       index: tabInfo.index,
       groupId: tabInfo.groupId,
     })

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/lib/browseros-dir.ts

@@ -6,8 +6,19 @@ import { PATHS } from '@browseros/shared/constants/paths'
 import type { ServerDiscoveryConfig } from '@browseros/shared/types/server-config'
 import { logger } from './logger'
 
+const DEV_BROWSEROS_DIR_NAME = '.browseros-dev'
+
 export function getBrowserosDir(): string {
-  return join(homedir(), PATHS.BROWSEROS_DIR_NAME)
+  const dirName =
+    process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'
+      ? DEV_BROWSEROS_DIR_NAME
+      : PATHS.BROWSEROS_DIR_NAME
+  return join(homedir(), dirName)
+}
+
+export function logDevelopmentBrowserosDir(): void {
+  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'development') return
+  logger.info(`Using development BrowserOS directory: ${getBrowserosDir()}`)
 }
 
 export function getMemoryDir(): string {
@@ -57,6 +68,7 @@ export function removeServerConfigSync(): void {
 }
 
 export async function ensureBrowserosDir(): Promise<void> {
+  logDevelopmentBrowserosDir()
   await mkdir(getMemoryDir(), { recursive: true })
   await mkdir(getSkillsDir(), { recursive: true })
   await mkdir(getBuiltinSkillsDir(), { recursive: true })

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/src/main.ts

@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ import fs from 'node:fs'
 import path from 'node:path'
 import { EXIT_CODES } from '@browseros/shared/constants/exit-codes'
 import { createHttpServer } from './api/server'
-import { getOpenClawService } from './api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+import {
+  configureOpenClawService,
+  getOpenClawService,
+} from './api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+import { loadPodmanOverrides } from './api/services/openclaw/podman-overrides'
 import { configurePodmanRuntime } from './api/services/openclaw/podman-runtime'
 import { CdpBackend } from './browser/backends/cdp'
 import { Browser } from './browser/browser'
@@ -22,6 +26,7 @@ import { INLINED_ENV } from './env'
 import {
   cleanOldSessions,
   ensureBrowserosDir,
+  getOpenClawDir,
   removeServerConfigSync,
   writeServerConfig,
 } from './lib/browseros-dir'
@@ -56,9 +61,17 @@ export class Application {
       resourcesDir: path.resolve(this.config.resourcesDir),
     })
 
+    const resourcesDir = path.resolve(this.config.resourcesDir)
+    const podmanOverrides = await loadPodmanOverrides(getOpenClawDir())
     configurePodmanRuntime({
-      resourcesDir: path.resolve(this.config.resourcesDir),
+      resourcesDir,
+      podmanPath: podmanOverrides.podmanPath ?? undefined,
     })
+    if (podmanOverrides.podmanPath) {
+      logger.info('Using user-overridden Podman binary', {
+        podmanPath: podmanOverrides.podmanPath,
+      })
+    }
     await this.initCoreServices()
 
     if (!this.config.cdpPort) {
@@ -123,7 +136,10 @@ export class Application {
     this.logStartupSummary()
     startSkillSync()
 
-    getOpenClawService(this.config.serverPort)
+    configureOpenClawService({
+      browserosServerPort: this.config.serverPort,
+      resourcesDir,
+    })
       .tryAutoStart()
       .catch((err) =>
         logger.warn('OpenClaw auto-start failed', {

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/__helpers__/run-test-group.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import { existsSync, mkdirSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path'
+
+const projectRoot = resolve(import.meta.dir, '..', '..')
+const testsRoot = resolve(projectRoot, 'tests')
+const cleanupScript = resolve(testsRoot, '__helpers__/cleanup.sh')
+const preferredDirectoryGroups = [
+  'agent',
+  'api',
+  'skills',
+  'tools',
+  'browser',
+  'sdk',
+]
+const ignoredDirectories = new Set(['__fixtures__', '__helpers__'])
+const rootGroupExclusions = new Set(['server.integration.test.ts'])
+const testFilePattern = /\.(test|spec)\.[cm]?[jt]sx?$/
+
+function compareGroupNames(left: string, right: string): number {
+  const leftIndex = preferredDirectoryGroups.indexOf(left)
+  const rightIndex = preferredDirectoryGroups.indexOf(right)
+  const leftRank =
+    leftIndex === -1 ? preferredDirectoryGroups.length : leftIndex
+  const rightRank =
+    rightIndex === -1 ? preferredDirectoryGroups.length : rightIndex
+  if (leftRank !== rightRank) {
+    return leftRank - rightRank
+  }
+  return left.localeCompare(right)
+}
+
+function listDirectoryGroups(): string[] {
+  return readdirSync(testsRoot, { withFileTypes: true })
+    .filter(
+      (entry) => entry.isDirectory() && !ignoredDirectories.has(entry.name),
+    )
+    .map((entry) => entry.name)
+    .sort(compareGroupNames)
+}
+
+function listRootTestTargets(): string[] {
+  return readdirSync(testsRoot, { withFileTypes: true })
+    .filter((entry) => entry.isFile() && testFilePattern.test(entry.name))
+    .filter((entry) => !rootGroupExclusions.has(entry.name))
+    .map((entry) => `./tests/${entry.name}`)
+    .sort((left, right) => left.localeCompare(right))
+}
+
+function listAllGroups(): string[] {
+  const groups = [...listDirectoryGroups()]
+  if (existsSync(resolve(testsRoot, 'server.integration.test.ts'))) {
+    groups.push('integration')
+  }
+  if (listRootTestTargets().length > 0) {
+    groups.push('root')
+  }
+  return groups
+}
+
+function listAvailableGroupNames(): string[] {
+  return ['all', 'core', 'cdp', ...listAllGroups()].sort((left, right) =>
+    left.localeCompare(right),
+  )
+}
+
+function getCompositeGroupMembers(group: string): string[] | null {
+  if (group === 'all') {
+    return listAllGroups()
+  }
+  if (group === 'core') {
+    return ['agent', 'api', 'skills', 'root']
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+function getAtomicGroupTargets(group: string): string[] {
+  if (group === 'cdp') {
+    return getAtomicGroupTargets('browser')
+  }
+  if (group === 'integration') {
+    return existsSync(resolve(testsRoot, 'server.integration.test.ts'))
+      ? ['./tests/server.integration.test.ts']
+      : []
+  }
+  if (group === 'root') {
+    return listRootTestTargets()
+  }
+  if (existsSync(resolve(testsRoot, group))) {
+    return [`./tests/${group}`]
+  }
+  return []
+}
+
+function runCommand(cmd: string[], label: string): number {
+  console.log(`\n==> ${label}`)
+  const result = spawnSync(cmd[0], cmd.slice(1), {
+    cwd: projectRoot,
+    env: process.env,
+    stdio: 'inherit',
+  })
+
+  if (result.error) {
+    throw result.error
+  }
+
+  return result.status ?? 1
+}
+
+function runAtomicGroup(group: string): number {
+  const targets = getAtomicGroupTargets(group)
+  if (targets.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Unknown test group "${group}". Available groups: ${listAvailableGroupNames().join(', ')}`,
+    )
+  }
+  runCommand(['bash', cleanupScript], `Cleaning up test resources for ${group}`)
+  const junitPath = process.env.BROWSEROS_JUNIT_PATH?.trim()
+  const cmd = [process.execPath, '--env-file=.env.development', 'test']
+  if (junitPath) {
+    const outputPath = resolve(projectRoot, junitPath)
+    mkdirSync(dirname(outputPath), { recursive: true })
+    cmd.push('--reporter=junit', `--reporter-outfile=${outputPath}`)
+  }
+  cmd.push(...targets)
+  return runCommand(cmd, `Running ${group} tests`)
+}
+
+function runGroup(group: string): number {
+  const compositeMembers = getCompositeGroupMembers(group)
+  if (compositeMembers) {
+    let exitCode = 0
+    for (const member of compositeMembers) {
+      const status = runGroup(member)
+      if (status !== 0 && exitCode === 0) {
+        exitCode = status
+      }
+    }
+    return exitCode
+  }
+  return runAtomicGroup(group)
+}
+
+const requestedGroup = process.argv[2] ?? 'all'
+
+process.exit(runGroup(requestedGroup))

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/agent/compaction-e2e.test.ts

@@ -1168,8 +1168,9 @@ describe('compaction E2E — pruning and output reduction', () => {
       { role: 'user', content: 'x'.repeat(3000) },
     ]
     const estimated = estimateTokensForThreshold(messages, config)
-    // 3000 chars / 3 = 1000 tokens, * 1.3 = 1300, + 12000 = 13300
-    expect(estimated).toBe(Math.ceil(1000 * 1.3) + 12_000)
+    expect(estimated).toBe(
+      Math.ceil(1000 * config.safetyMultiplier) + config.fixedOverhead,
+    )
   })
 })
 

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/routes/klavis.test.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
 })
 
 describe('createKlavisRoutes', () => {
-  it('normalizes string integrations into authenticated entries', async () => {
+  it('normalizes string integrations into unauthenticated entries', async () => {
     globalThis.fetch = (async () =>
       Response.json({
         integrations: ['Google Docs', 'Slack'],
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ describe('createKlavisRoutes', () => {
     assert.strictEqual(response.status, 200)
     assert.deepStrictEqual(body, {
       integrations: [
-        { name: 'Google Docs', is_authenticated: true },
-        { name: 'Slack', is_authenticated: true },
+        { name: 'Google Docs', is_authenticated: false },
+        { name: 'Slack', is_authenticated: false },
       ],
       count: 2,
     })

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/routes/openclaw.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { chmodSync, mkdtempSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError } from '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-provider-map'
+
+describe('createOpenClawRoutes', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    mock.restore()
+  })
+
+  it('preserves BrowserOS SSE framing and session headers for chat', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const chatStream = mock(
+      async () =>
+        new ReadableStream({
+          start(controller) {
+            controller.enqueue({
+              type: 'text-delta',
+              data: { text: 'Hello' },
+            })
+            controller.enqueue({
+              type: 'done',
+              data: { text: 'Hello' },
+            })
+            controller.close()
+          },
+        }),
+    )
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () =>
+        ({
+          chatStream,
+        }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/agents/research/chat', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        message: 'hi',
+        sessionKey: 'session-123',
+      }),
+    })
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(response.headers.get('Content-Type')).toContain('text/event-stream')
+    expect(response.headers.get('X-Session-Key')).toBe('session-123')
+    expect(chatStream).toHaveBeenCalledWith('research', 'session-123', 'hi')
+    expect(await response.text()).toBe(
+      'data: {"type":"text-delta","data":{"text":"Hello"}}\n\n' +
+        'data: {"type":"done","data":{"text":"Hello"}}\n\n' +
+        'data: [DONE]\n\n',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('returns 400 for unsupported provider payloads', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const updateProviderKeys = mock(async () => {
+      throw new UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError('google')
+    })
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () =>
+        ({
+          updateProviderKeys,
+        }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/providers', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        providerType: 'google',
+        apiKey: 'google-key',
+      }),
+    })
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400)
+    expect(updateProviderKeys).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      providerType: 'google',
+      apiKey: 'google-key',
+    })
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      error: 'Unsupported OpenClaw provider: google',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('returns a non-restarting response when only the default model changes', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const updateProviderKeys = mock(async () => ({
+      restarted: false,
+      modelUpdated: true,
+    }))
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () =>
+        ({
+          updateProviderKeys,
+        }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/providers', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        providerType: 'openai',
+        apiKey: 'sk-test',
+        modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+      }),
+    })
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(updateProviderKeys).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      providerType: 'openai',
+      apiKey: 'sk-test',
+      modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+    })
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      status: 'updated',
+      message: 'Provider updated without a restart',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not expose a roles route', async () => {
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/roles')
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(404)
+  })
+
+  it('returns the current podman overrides on GET', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const getPodmanOverrides = mock(async () => ({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+      effectivePodmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    }))
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () => ({ getPodmanOverrides }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/podman-overrides')
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+      effectivePodmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a relative podman path on POST', async () => {
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/podman-overrides', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: 'podman' }),
+    })
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400)
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      error: 'podmanPath must be an absolute path',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a nonexistent podman path on POST', async () => {
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/podman-overrides', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: '/does/not/exist/podman' }),
+    })
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400)
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      error: 'File does not exist: /does/not/exist/podman',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a non-executable podman path on POST', async () => {
+    const tempDir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-route-'))
+    const nonExec = join(tempDir, 'podman')
+    writeFileSync(nonExec, 'not a binary')
+    chmodSync(nonExec, 0o644)
+    try {
+      const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+        '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+      )
+      const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+      const response = await route.request('/podman-overrides', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: nonExec }),
+      })
+      expect(response.status).toBe(400)
+      expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+        error: `File is not executable: ${nonExec}`,
+      })
+    } finally {
+      rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('applies and echoes when POST clears the override', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const applyPodmanOverrides = mock(async () => ({
+      podmanPath: null,
+      effectivePodmanPath: 'podman',
+    }))
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () => ({ applyPodmanOverrides }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/podman-overrides', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: null }),
+    })
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(applyPodmanOverrides).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ podmanPath: null })
+    expect(await response.json()).toEqual({
+      podmanPath: null,
+      effectivePodmanPath: 'podman',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('ignores role fields when creating agents', async () => {
+    const actualOpenClawService = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'research',
+      name: 'research',
+      workspace: '/home/node/.openclaw/workspace-research',
+    }))
+
+    mock.module('../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service', () => ({
+      ...actualOpenClawService,
+      getOpenClawService: () =>
+        ({
+          createAgent,
+        }) as never,
+    }))
+
+    const { createOpenClawRoutes } = await import(
+      '../../../src/api/routes/openclaw'
+    )
+    const route = createOpenClawRoutes()
+
+    const response = await route.request('/agents', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'research',
+        roleId: 'chief-of-staff',
+        customRole: {
+          name: 'Ignored',
+          shortDescription: 'Ignored',
+          longDescription: 'Ignored',
+          recommendedApps: [],
+          boundaries: [],
+        },
+        providerType: 'openai',
+        apiKey: 'sk-test',
+        modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+      }),
+    })
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(201)
+    expect(createAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      name: 'research',
+      providerType: 'openai',
+      providerName: undefined,
+      baseUrl: undefined,
+      apiKey: 'sk-test',
+      modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+    })
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/routes/terminal-protocol.test.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test'
+import { OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
 import {
   parseTerminalClientMessage,
   serializeTerminalServerMessage,
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ describe('terminal protocol', () => {
     expect(
       buildTerminalExecCommand(
         'podman',
-        'browseros-openclaw-openclaw-gateway-1',
+        OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
         TERMINAL_HOME_DIR,
       ),
     ).toEqual([
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ describe('terminal protocol', () => {
       '-it',
       '-w',
       '/home/node/.openclaw',
-      'browseros-openclaw-openclaw-gateway-1',
+      OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
       '/bin/sh',
     ])
   })

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/container-runtime.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test'
+import { OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
+import { ContainerRuntime } from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/container-runtime'
+
+const PROJECT_DIR = '/tmp/openclaw'
+const defaultSpec = {
+  image: 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+  port: 18789,
+  hostHome: '/tmp/openclaw',
+  envFilePath: '/tmp/openclaw/.openclaw/.env',
+  gatewayToken: 'token-123',
+  timezone: 'America/Los_Angeles',
+}
+
+function createRuntime(
+  runCommand: (
+    args: string[],
+    options?: { cwd?: string; onOutput?: (line: string) => void },
+  ) => Promise<number>,
+  listRunningContainers: () => Promise<string[]> = async () => [],
+  stopMachine: () => Promise<void> = async () => {},
+): ContainerRuntime {
+  return new ContainerRuntime(
+    {
+      ensureReady: async () => {},
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      getMachineStatus: async () => ({ initialized: true, running: true }),
+      runCommand,
+      tailContainerLogs: () => () => {},
+      listRunningContainers,
+      stopMachine,
+    } as never,
+    PROJECT_DIR,
+  )
+}
+
+function expectedGatewayRuntimeArgs(spec: typeof defaultSpec): string[] {
+  return [
+    '--env-file',
+    spec.envFilePath,
+    '-e',
+    'HOME=/home/node',
+    '-e',
+    'OPENCLAW_HOME=/home/node',
+    '-e',
+    'OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR=/home/node/.openclaw',
+    '-e',
+    'OPENCLAW_NO_RESPAWN=1',
+    '-e',
+    'NODE_COMPILE_CACHE=/var/tmp/openclaw-compile-cache',
+    '-e',
+    'NODE_ENV=production',
+    '-e',
+    `TZ=${spec.timezone}`,
+    '-v',
+    `${spec.hostHome}:/home/node`,
+    '--add-host',
+    'host.containers.internal:host-gateway',
+    '-e',
+    `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN=${spec.gatewayToken}`,
+  ]
+}
+
+function expectedStartGatewayRunArgs(spec: typeof defaultSpec): string[] {
+  return [
+    'run',
+    '-d',
+    '--name',
+    OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME,
+    '--restart',
+    'unless-stopped',
+    '-p',
+    `127.0.0.1:${spec.port}:18789`,
+    ...expectedGatewayRuntimeArgs(spec),
+    '--health-cmd',
+    'curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:18789/healthz',
+    '--health-interval',
+    '30s',
+    '--health-timeout',
+    '10s',
+    '--health-retries',
+    '3',
+    spec.image,
+    'node',
+    'dist/index.js',
+    'gateway',
+    '--bind',
+    'lan',
+    '--port',
+    '18789',
+    '--allow-unconfigured',
+  ]
+}
+
+describe('ContainerRuntime', () => {
+  it('pullImage runs podman pull for the requested image', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.pullImage('ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12')
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        args: ['pull', 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12'],
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('startGateway removes any existing gateway and runs a fresh container', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.startGateway(defaultSpec)
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(calls[0]).toEqual({
+      cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+      args: ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+    })
+    expect(calls[1]).toEqual({
+      cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+      args: expectedStartGatewayRunArgs(defaultSpec),
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('runGatewaySetupCommand in direct mode builds a one-off podman run command', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.runGatewaySetupCommand(
+      ['node', 'dist/index.js', 'agents', 'list', '--json'],
+      defaultSpec,
+    )
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: [
+          'rm',
+          '-f',
+          '--ignore',
+          `${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME}-setup`,
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: [
+          'run',
+          '--rm',
+          '--name',
+          `${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME}-setup`,
+          ...expectedGatewayRuntimeArgs(defaultSpec),
+          defaultSpec.image,
+          'node',
+          'dist/index.js',
+          'agents',
+          'list',
+          '--json',
+        ],
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('stopGateway removes the direct runtime container', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.stopGateway()
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('stopGateway is idempotent when the managed container is already absent', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      options?.onOutput?.(
+        `Error: no container with name "${OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME}" found`,
+      )
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await expect(runtime.stopGateway()).resolves.toBeUndefined()
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('getGatewayLogs tails logs from the direct runtime container', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      options?.onOutput?.('first')
+      options?.onOutput?.('second')
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    const logs = await runtime.getGatewayLogs(25)
+
+    expect(logs).toEqual(['first', 'second'])
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: ['logs', '--tail', '25', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('restartGateway recreates and launches the direct runtime container', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.restartGateway(defaultSpec)
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: ['rm', '-f', '--ignore', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      },
+      {
+        cwd: PROJECT_DIR,
+        args: expectedStartGatewayRunArgs(defaultSpec),
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('stopMachineIfSafe allows the managed gateway container', async () => {
+    let stopCalls = 0
+    const runtime = createRuntime(
+      async () => 0,
+      async () => [OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME],
+      async () => {
+        stopCalls += 1
+      },
+    )
+
+    await runtime.stopMachineIfSafe()
+
+    expect(stopCalls).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('stopMachineIfSafe does not stop machine if non-BrowserOS containers are running', async () => {
+    let stopCalls = 0
+    const runtime = createRuntime(
+      async () => 0,
+      async () => [OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME, 'postgres-dev'],
+      async () => {
+        stopCalls += 1
+      },
+    )
+
+    await runtime.stopMachineIfSafe()
+
+    expect(stopCalls).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('execInContainer targets the shared gateway container name', async () => {
+    const calls: Array<{ args: string[]; cwd?: string }> = []
+    const runtime = createRuntime(async (args, options) => {
+      calls.push({ args, cwd: options?.cwd })
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    await runtime.execInContainer(['node', '--version'])
+
+    expect(calls).toEqual([
+      {
+        cwd: undefined,
+        args: ['exec', OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME, 'node', '--version'],
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('tailGatewayLogs targets the shared gateway container name', () => {
+    const names: string[] = []
+    const runtime = new ContainerRuntime(
+      {
+        ensureReady: async () => {},
+        isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+        getMachineStatus: async () => ({ initialized: true, running: true }),
+        runCommand: async () => 0,
+        tailContainerLogs: (containerName: string) => {
+          names.push(containerName)
+          return () => {}
+        },
+        listRunningContainers: async () => [],
+        stopMachine: async () => {},
+      } as never,
+      PROJECT_DIR,
+    )
+
+    const stop = runtime.tailGatewayLogs(() => {})
+    stop()
+
+    expect(names).toEqual([OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_CONTAINER_NAME])
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-cli-client.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
+import { OpenClawCliClient } from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-cli-client'
+
+describe('OpenClawCliClient', () => {
+  it('passes real non-interactive onboarding flags through to the upstream cli', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(async (command: string[]) => {
+      expect(command).toEqual([
+        'node',
+        'dist/index.js',
+        'onboard',
+        '--non-interactive',
+        '--mode',
+        'local',
+        '--auth-choice',
+        'skip',
+        '--gateway-auth',
+        'token',
+        '--gateway-port',
+        '18789',
+        '--gateway-bind',
+        'lan',
+        '--no-install-daemon',
+        '--skip-health',
+        '--accept-risk',
+      ])
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    await client.runOnboard({
+      nonInteractive: true,
+      mode: 'local',
+      authChoice: 'skip',
+      gatewayAuth: 'token',
+      gatewayPort: 18789,
+      gatewayBind: 'lan',
+      installDaemon: false,
+      skipHealth: true,
+      acceptRisk: true,
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('uses batch mode for grouped config writes', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(async (command: string[]) => {
+      expect(command).toEqual([
+        'node',
+        'dist/index.js',
+        'config',
+        'set',
+        '--batch-json',
+        '[{"path":"gateway.mode","value":"local"},{"path":"gateway.http.endpoints.chatCompletions.enabled","value":true}]',
+      ])
+      return 0
+    })
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    await client.setConfigBatch([
+      {
+        path: 'gateway.mode',
+        value: 'local',
+      },
+      {
+        path: 'gateway.http.endpoints.chatCompletions.enabled',
+        value: true,
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('runs upstream CLI commands without appending a gateway token flag', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'agents' && command[3] === 'list') {
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify([
+              {
+                id: 'main',
+                workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+                model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
+              },
+            ]),
+          )
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const agents = await client.listAgents()
+
+    expect(execInContainer.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toEqual([
+      'node',
+      'dist/index.js',
+      'agents',
+      'list',
+      '--json',
+    ])
+    expect(agents[0]?.model).toBe('openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5')
+  })
+
+  it('derives the workspace when creating an agent', async () => {
+    let callIndex = 0
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        callIndex += 1
+        if (callIndex === 1) {
+          expect(command).toEqual([
+            'node',
+            'dist/index.js',
+            'agents',
+            'add',
+            'research',
+            '--workspace',
+            `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-research`,
+            '--model',
+            'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+            '--non-interactive',
+            '--json',
+          ])
+          return 0
+        }
+
+        onLog?.(
+          JSON.stringify([
+            {
+              id: 'main',
+              workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+            },
+            {
+              id: 'research',
+              workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-research`,
+              model: 'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+            },
+          ]),
+        )
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const agent = await client.createAgent({
+      name: 'research',
+      model: 'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+    })
+
+    expect(execInContainer).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(agent).toEqual({
+      agentId: 'research',
+      name: 'research',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-research`,
+      model: 'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('parses agent lists from mixed log and JSON output', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (_command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        onLog?.('starting agent listing')
+        onLog?.(
+          JSON.stringify([
+            {
+              id: 'main',
+              workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+            },
+          ]),
+        )
+        onLog?.('done')
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const agents = await client.listAgents()
+
+    expect(agents).toEqual([
+      {
+        agentId: 'main',
+        name: 'main',
+        workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('parses pretty-printed JSON surrounded by logs', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (_command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        onLog?.('starting agent listing')
+        onLog?.('[')
+        onLog?.('  {')
+        onLog?.('    "id": "main",')
+        onLog?.(`    "workspace": "${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace",`)
+        onLog?.('    "model": "openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"')
+        onLog?.('  }')
+        onLog?.(']')
+        onLog?.('done')
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const agents = await client.listAgents()
+
+    expect(agents).toEqual([
+      {
+        agentId: 'main',
+        name: 'main',
+        workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+        model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('skips structured JSON logs before the real agent list payload', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (_command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        onLog?.(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            level: 'info',
+            message: 'agent list requested',
+            workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+          }),
+        )
+        onLog?.(
+          JSON.stringify([
+            {
+              id: 'main',
+              workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+              model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
+            },
+          ]),
+        )
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const agents = await client.listAgents()
+
+    expect(agents).toEqual([
+      {
+        agentId: 'main',
+        name: 'main',
+        workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+        model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('preserves exit details when the CLI fails', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (_command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        onLog?.('agent already exists')
+        return 1
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+
+    await expect(client.listAgents()).rejects.toThrow('agent already exists')
+  })
+
+  it('parses config get output from mixed logs and pretty-printed JSON', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'config' && command[3] === 'get') {
+          onLog?.('reading config')
+          onLog?.('{')
+          onLog?.('  "gateway": {')
+          onLog?.('    "mode": "local"')
+          onLog?.('  }')
+          onLog?.('}')
+          onLog?.('done')
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const config = await client.getConfig('gateway')
+
+    expect(config).toEqual({
+      gateway: {
+        mode: 'local',
+      },
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('skips structured JSON log lines before config get payloads', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'config' && command[3] === 'get') {
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              level: 'info',
+              message: 'reading config',
+            }),
+          )
+          onLog?.('{')
+          onLog?.('  "gateway": {')
+          onLog?.('    "mode": "local"')
+          onLog?.('  }')
+          onLog?.('}')
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const config = await client.getConfig('gateway')
+
+    expect(config).toEqual({
+      gateway: {
+        mode: 'local',
+      },
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('skips structured JSON log lines before config validate payloads', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'config' && command[3] === 'validate') {
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              level: 'info',
+              message: 'validating config',
+            }),
+          )
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              ok: true,
+              warnings: [],
+            }),
+          )
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const result = await client.validateConfig()
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      ok: true,
+      warnings: [],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the config get payload when a structured JSON log follows it', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'config' && command[3] === 'get') {
+          onLog?.('{')
+          onLog?.('  "gateway": {')
+          onLog?.('    "mode": "local"')
+          onLog?.('  }')
+          onLog?.('}')
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              level: 'info',
+              message: 'config fetched',
+            }),
+          )
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const config = await client.getConfig('gateway')
+
+    expect(config).toEqual({
+      gateway: {
+        mode: 'local',
+      },
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the config validate payload when a structured JSON log follows it', async () => {
+    const execInContainer = mock(
+      async (command: string[], onLog?: (line: string) => void) => {
+        if (command[2] === 'config' && command[3] === 'validate') {
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              ok: true,
+              warnings: [],
+            }),
+          )
+          onLog?.(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              level: 'info',
+              message: 'config validated',
+            }),
+          )
+        }
+        return 0
+      },
+    )
+
+    const client = new OpenClawCliClient({ execInContainer })
+    const result = await client.validateConfig()
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      ok: true,
+      warnings: [],
+    })
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-env.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test'
+import { mergeEnvContent } from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-env'
+
+describe('mergeEnvContent', () => {
+  it('appends new env keys and normalizes trailing newline', () => {
+    expect(
+      mergeEnvContent('OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-old', {
+        ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: 'ant-key',
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      changed: true,
+      content: 'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-old\nANTHROPIC_API_KEY=ant-key\n',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('overwrites existing keys when values change', () => {
+    expect(
+      mergeEnvContent('OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-old\n', {
+        OPENAI_API_KEY: 'sk-new',
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      changed: true,
+      content: 'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-new\n',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('reports unchanged when incoming values match existing content', () => {
+    expect(
+      mergeEnvContent('OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n', {
+        OPENAI_API_KEY: 'sk-test',
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      changed: false,
+      content: 'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n',
+    })
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-http-chat-client.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { OpenClawHttpChatClient } from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-http-chat-client'
+
+describe('OpenClawHttpChatClient', () => {
+  const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    globalThis.fetch = originalFetch
+  })
+
+  it('maps chat completion deltas into BrowserOS stream events', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = mock((_url: string | URL, _init?: RequestInit) =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        new Response(
+          new ReadableStream({
+            start(controller) {
+              const encoder = new TextEncoder()
+              controller.enqueue(
+                encoder.encode(
+                  'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{"content":"Hello"}}]}\n\n',
+                ),
+              )
+              controller.enqueue(
+                encoder.encode(
+                  'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{"content":" world"}}]}\n\n',
+                ),
+              )
+              controller.enqueue(
+                encoder.encode(
+                  'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{},"finish_reason":"stop"}]}\n\n',
+                ),
+              )
+              controller.enqueue(encoder.encode('data: [DONE]\n\n'))
+              controller.close()
+            },
+          }),
+          {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream' },
+          },
+        ),
+      ),
+    )
+    globalThis.fetch = fetchMock as typeof globalThis.fetch
+    const client = new OpenClawHttpChatClient(
+      18789,
+      async () => 'gateway-token',
+    )
+
+    const stream = await client.streamChat({
+      agentId: 'research',
+      sessionKey: 'session-123',
+      message: 'hi',
+    })
+
+    const events = await readEvents(stream)
+    const call = fetchMock.mock.calls[0]
+
+    expect(call?.[0]).toBe('http://127.0.0.1:18789/v1/chat/completions')
+    expect(call?.[1]).toMatchObject({
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: {
+        Authorization: 'Bearer gateway-token',
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      },
+    })
+    expect(JSON.parse(String(call?.[1]?.body))).toEqual({
+      model: 'openclaw/research',
+      stream: true,
+      messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hi' }],
+      user: 'browseros:research:session-123',
+    })
+    expect(events).toEqual([
+      { type: 'text-delta', data: { text: 'Hello' } },
+      { type: 'text-delta', data: { text: ' world' } },
+      { type: 'done', data: { text: 'Hello world' } },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('uses openclaw for the main agent', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = mock(() =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        new Response(
+          new ReadableStream({
+            start(controller) {
+              controller.close()
+            },
+          }),
+          {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream' },
+          },
+        ),
+      ),
+    )
+    globalThis.fetch = fetchMock as typeof globalThis.fetch
+    const client = new OpenClawHttpChatClient(
+      18789,
+      async () => 'gateway-token',
+    )
+
+    await client.streamChat({
+      agentId: 'main',
+      sessionKey: 'session-123',
+      message: 'hi',
+    })
+
+    const body = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0]?.[1]?.body)) as {
+      model: string
+    }
+    expect(body.model).toBe('openclaw')
+  })
+
+  it('throws on non-success HTTP responses', async () => {
+    globalThis.fetch = mock(() =>
+      Promise.resolve(new Response('Unauthorized', { status: 401 })),
+    ) as typeof globalThis.fetch
+    const client = new OpenClawHttpChatClient(
+      18789,
+      async () => 'gateway-token',
+    )
+
+    await expect(
+      client.streamChat({
+        agentId: 'research',
+        sessionKey: 'session-123',
+        message: 'hi',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Unauthorized')
+  })
+
+  it('surfaces an error when OpenClaw finishes without assistant text', async () => {
+    globalThis.fetch = mock(() =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        new Response(
+          new ReadableStream({
+            start(controller) {
+              const encoder = new TextEncoder()
+              controller.enqueue(
+                encoder.encode(
+                  'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{},"finish_reason":"stop"}]}\n\n',
+                ),
+              )
+              controller.enqueue(encoder.encode('data: [DONE]\n\n'))
+              controller.close()
+            },
+          }),
+          {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream' },
+          },
+        ),
+      ),
+    ) as typeof globalThis.fetch
+    const client = new OpenClawHttpChatClient(
+      18789,
+      async () => 'gateway-token',
+    )
+
+    const stream = await client.streamChat({
+      agentId: 'main',
+      sessionKey: 'session-123',
+      message: 'hi',
+    })
+
+    await expect(readEvents(stream)).resolves.toEqual([
+      {
+        type: 'error',
+        data: {
+          message: "Agent couldn't generate a response. Please try again.",
+        },
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('stops processing batched SSE events after a malformed chunk closes the stream', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = mock(() =>
+      Promise.resolve(
+        new Response(
+          new ReadableStream({
+            start(controller) {
+              const encoder = new TextEncoder()
+              controller.enqueue(
+                encoder.encode(
+                  'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{"content":"Hello"}}]}\n\n' +
+                    'data: not-json\n\n' +
+                    'data: {"choices":[{"delta":{"content":" world"}}]}\n\n',
+                ),
+              )
+              controller.close()
+            },
+          }),
+          {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream' },
+          },
+        ),
+      ),
+    )
+    globalThis.fetch = fetchMock as typeof globalThis.fetch
+    const client = new OpenClawHttpChatClient(
+      18789,
+      async () => 'gateway-token',
+    )
+
+    const stream = await client.streamChat({
+      agentId: 'research',
+      sessionKey: 'session-123',
+      message: 'hi',
+    })
+
+    await expect(readEvents(stream)).resolves.toEqual([
+      { type: 'text-delta', data: { text: 'Hello' } },
+      {
+        type: 'error',
+        data: { message: 'Failed to parse OpenClaw chat stream chunk' },
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+})
+
+async function readEvents(
+  stream: ReadableStream<{ type: string; data: Record<string, unknown> }>,
+): Promise<Array<{ type: string; data: Record<string, unknown> }>> {
+  const reader = stream.getReader()
+  const events: Array<{ type: string; data: Record<string, unknown> }> = []
+
+  while (true) {
+    const { done, value } = await reader.read()
+    if (done) break
+    events.push(value)
+  }
+
+  return events
+}

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { mkdir, mkdtemp, readFile, rm, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME } from '@browseros/shared/constants/openclaw'
+import {
+  resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider,
+  UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError,
+} from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-provider-map'
+import { OpenClawService } from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+
+type MutableOpenClawService = OpenClawService & {
+  openclawDir: string
+  token: string
+  restart: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+  runtime: {
+    ensureReady?: () => Promise<void>
+    isPodmanAvailable?: () => Promise<boolean>
+    getMachineStatus?: () => Promise<{ initialized: boolean; running: boolean }>
+    isReady: () => Promise<boolean>
+    pullImage?: (
+      _image: string,
+      _onLog?: (_line: string) => void,
+    ) => Promise<void>
+    startGateway?: (
+      _input: unknown,
+      _onLog?: (_line: string) => void,
+    ) => Promise<void>
+    restartGateway?: (
+      _input: unknown,
+      _onLog?: (_line: string) => void,
+    ) => Promise<void>
+    stopGateway?: (_onLog?: (_line: string) => void) => Promise<void>
+    getGatewayLogs?: (_tail?: number) => Promise<string[]>
+    waitForReady?: () => Promise<boolean>
+    stopMachineIfSafe?: () => Promise<void>
+  }
+  cliClient: {
+    probe?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    createAgent?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    getConfig?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    listAgents?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+  }
+  bootstrapCliClient: {
+    runOnboard?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    setConfigBatch?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    setDefaultModel?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+    validateConfig?: ReturnType<typeof mock>
+  }
+}
+
+describe('OpenClawService', () => {
+  let tempDir: string | null = null
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    mock.restore()
+    if (tempDir) {
+      await rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+      tempDir = null
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('creates agents through the cli client without role bootstrap files', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'ops',
+      name: 'ops',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+      model: 'openclaw/default',
+    }))
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      createAgent,
+    }
+
+    const agent = await service.createAgent({
+      name: 'ops',
+    })
+
+    expect(createAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      name: 'ops',
+      model: undefined,
+    })
+    expect(agent).toEqual({
+      agentId: 'ops',
+      name: 'ops',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+      model: 'openclaw/default',
+    })
+    expect(
+      existsSync(
+        join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'workspace-ops', '.browseros-role.json'),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('lists plain agent entries without role metadata', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'workspace-ops'), {
+      recursive: true,
+    })
+    await writeFile(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'), '{}')
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'workspace-ops', '.browseros-role.json'),
+      '{"roleId":"chief-of-staff"}\n',
+      'utf-8',
+    )
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      getConfig: mock(async () => 'cli-token'),
+      listAgents: mock(async () => [
+        {
+          agentId: 'ops',
+          name: 'ops',
+          workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+          model: 'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+        },
+      ]),
+    }
+
+    await expect(service.listAgents()).resolves.toEqual([
+      {
+        agentId: 'ops',
+        name: 'ops',
+        workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+        model: 'openai/gpt-5.4-mini',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('maps successful cli client probes into connected status', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'), '{}')
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      getMachineStatus: async () => ({ initialized: true, running: true }),
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      getConfig: mock(async () => 'cli-token'),
+      listAgents: mock(async () => [
+        {
+          agentId: 'main',
+          name: 'main',
+          workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+        },
+        {
+          agentId: 'ops',
+          name: 'ops',
+          workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+        },
+      ]),
+    }
+
+    const status = await service.getStatus()
+
+    expect(status).toEqual({
+      status: 'running',
+      podmanAvailable: true,
+      machineReady: true,
+      port: 18789,
+      agentCount: 2,
+      error: null,
+      controlPlaneStatus: 'connected',
+      lastGatewayError: null,
+      lastRecoveryReason: null,
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('creates the main agent during setup when the gateway starts without one', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const steps: string[] = []
+    const runOnboard = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('onboard')
+    })
+    const setConfigBatch = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('batch')
+    })
+    const setDefaultModel = mock(async () => {})
+    const validateConfig = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('validate')
+      return { ok: true }
+    })
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'main',
+      name: 'main',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+    }))
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    const pullImage = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('pull')
+    })
+    const restartGateway = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('restart')
+    })
+    const startGateway = mock(async () => {
+      steps.push('start')
+    })
+    service.runtime = {
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      ensureReady: async () => {},
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      pullImage,
+      restartGateway,
+      startGateway,
+      waitForReady: mock(async () => {
+        steps.push('ready')
+        return true
+      }),
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      probe: mock(async () => {}),
+      listAgents: mock(async () => []),
+      createAgent,
+    }
+    service.bootstrapCliClient = {
+      runOnboard,
+      setConfigBatch,
+      setDefaultModel,
+      validateConfig,
+    }
+
+    await service.setup({})
+
+    expect(runOnboard).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      acceptRisk: true,
+      authChoice: 'skip',
+      gatewayAuth: 'token',
+      gatewayBind: 'lan',
+      gatewayPort: 18789,
+      installDaemon: false,
+      mode: 'local',
+      nonInteractive: true,
+      skipHealth: true,
+    })
+    expect(setConfigBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        {
+          path: 'mcp.servers.browseros.url',
+          value: 'http://host.containers.internal:9100/mcp',
+        },
+        {
+          path: 'mcp.servers.browseros.transport',
+          value: 'streamable-http',
+        },
+        {
+          path: 'gateway.http.endpoints.chatCompletions.enabled',
+          value: true,
+        },
+      ]),
+    )
+    expect(validateConfig).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(createAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      name: 'main',
+      model: undefined,
+    })
+    expect(steps).toEqual([
+      'pull',
+      'onboard',
+      'batch',
+      'validate',
+      'start',
+      'ready',
+    ])
+    expect(pullImage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+      expect.any(Function),
+    )
+    expect(startGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        image: 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+        port: 18789,
+        hostHome: tempDir,
+        envFilePath: join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+        gatewayToken: undefined,
+      }),
+      expect.any(Function),
+    )
+    expect(restartGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('applies setup-time config in one batch before the gateway starts', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const runOnboard = mock(async () => {})
+    const setConfigBatch = mock(async () => {})
+    const validateConfig = mock(async () => ({ ok: true }))
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'main',
+      name: 'main',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+    }))
+    const waitForReady = mock(async () => true)
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    const restartGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const startGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    service.runtime = {
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      ensureReady: async () => {},
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      pullImage: async () => {},
+      restartGateway,
+      startGateway,
+      waitForReady,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      probe: mock(async () => {}),
+      listAgents: mock(async () => []),
+      createAgent,
+    }
+    service.bootstrapCliClient = {
+      runOnboard,
+      setConfigBatch,
+      setDefaultModel: mock(async () => {}),
+      validateConfig,
+    }
+
+    await expect(service.setup({})).resolves.toBeUndefined()
+
+    expect(setConfigBatch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(waitForReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(createAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      name: 'main',
+      model: undefined,
+    })
+    expect(startGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(restartGateway).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('loads the persisted gateway token from the mounted config before control plane calls', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        gateway: {
+          auth: {
+            token: 'cli-token',
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.token = 'random-token'
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      listAgents: mock(async () => {
+        expect(service.token).toBe('cli-token')
+        return []
+      }),
+    }
+
+    await service.listAgents()
+  })
+
+  it('caches the loaded gateway token from config across steady-state control plane calls', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        gateway: {
+          auth: {
+            token: 'cli-token',
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const listAgents = mock(async () => [])
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      listAgents,
+    }
+
+    await service.listAgents()
+    await service.listAgents()
+
+    expect(listAgents).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('writes provider credentials into the mounted state env file during setup', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      ensureReady: async () => {},
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      pullImage: async () => {},
+      restartGateway: async () => {},
+      startGateway: async () => {},
+      waitForReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      getConfig: mock(async (path: string) =>
+        path === 'gateway.auth.token' ? 'cli-token' : null,
+      ),
+      probe: mock(async () => {}),
+      listAgents: mock(async () => [
+        {
+          agentId: 'main',
+          name: 'main',
+          workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace`,
+        },
+      ]),
+      createAgent: mock(async () => {
+        throw new Error('createAgent should not be called when main exists')
+      }),
+    }
+    service.bootstrapCliClient = {
+      runOnboard: mock(async () => {}),
+      setConfigBatch: mock(async () => {}),
+      setDefaultModel: mock(async () => {}),
+      validateConfig: mock(async () => ({ ok: true })),
+    }
+
+    await service.setup({
+      providerType: 'openai',
+      apiKey: 'sk-test',
+      modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      await readFile(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'), 'utf-8'),
+    ).toContain('OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test')
+  })
+
+  it('start uses the direct runtime startGateway flow', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        gateway: {
+          auth: {
+            token: 'cli-token',
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const ensureReady = mock(async () => {})
+    const startGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const waitForReady = mock(async () => true)
+    const probe = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      ensureReady,
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      startGateway,
+      waitForReady,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      probe,
+    }
+
+    await service.start()
+
+    expect(ensureReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(startGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        image: 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+        port: 18789,
+        hostHome: tempDir,
+        envFilePath: join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+        gatewayToken: 'cli-token',
+      }),
+      expect.any(Function),
+    )
+    expect(waitForReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('restart uses the direct runtime restartGateway flow', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        gateway: {
+          auth: {
+            token: 'cli-token',
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const restartGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const waitForReady = mock(async () => true)
+    const probe = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      restartGateway,
+      waitForReady,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      probe,
+    }
+
+    await service.restart()
+
+    expect(restartGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        image: 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+        port: 18789,
+        hostHome: tempDir,
+        envFilePath: join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+        gatewayToken: 'cli-token',
+      }),
+      expect.any(Function),
+    )
+    expect(waitForReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('stop calls runtime.stopGateway', async () => {
+    const stopGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      stopGateway,
+    }
+
+    await service.stop()
+
+    expect(stopGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('getLogs proxies to runtime.getGatewayLogs with tail', async () => {
+    const getGatewayLogs = mock(async (tail = 50) => [`tail:${tail}`])
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      getGatewayLogs,
+    }
+
+    await expect(service.getLogs(25)).resolves.toEqual(['tail:25'])
+    expect(getGatewayLogs).toHaveBeenCalledWith(25)
+  })
+
+  it('shutdown stops gateway and then stops machine when safe', async () => {
+    const stopGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const stopMachineIfSafe = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      stopGateway,
+      stopMachineIfSafe,
+    }
+
+    await service.shutdown()
+
+    expect(stopGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(stopMachineIfSafe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('shutdown still stops machine when stopGateway fails', async () => {
+    const stopGateway = mock(async () => {
+      throw new Error('stop failed')
+    })
+    const stopMachineIfSafe = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      stopGateway,
+      stopMachineIfSafe,
+    }
+
+    await expect(service.shutdown()).resolves.toBeUndefined()
+
+    expect(stopGateway).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(stopMachineIfSafe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('tryAutoStart uses direct-runtime startGateway when gateway is not ready', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', 'openclaw.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        gateway: {
+          auth: {
+            token: 'cli-token',
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+    const ensureReady = mock(async () => {})
+    const isReady = mock(async () => false)
+    const startGateway = mock(async () => {})
+    const waitForReady = mock(async () => true)
+    const probe = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.runtime = {
+      isPodmanAvailable: async () => true,
+      ensureReady,
+      isReady,
+      startGateway,
+      waitForReady,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      probe,
+    }
+
+    await service.tryAutoStart()
+
+    expect(ensureReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(startGateway).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        image: 'ghcr.io/openclaw/openclaw:2026.4.12',
+        port: 18789,
+        hostHome: tempDir,
+        envFilePath: join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+        gatewayToken: 'cli-token',
+      }),
+    )
+    expect(waitForReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(probe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(isReady).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps openrouter model refs verbatim without rewriting dots', () => {
+    const provider = resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider({
+      providerType: 'openrouter',
+      apiKey: 'or-key',
+      modelId: 'anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5',
+    })
+
+    expect(provider).toEqual({
+      envValues: {
+        OPENROUTER_API_KEY: 'or-key',
+      },
+      model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5',
+      providerType: 'openrouter',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('only resolves env vars for the supported bootstrap providers', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider({
+        providerType: 'anthropic',
+        apiKey: 'ant-key',
+        modelId: 'claude-sonnet-4.5',
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      envValues: {
+        ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: 'ant-key',
+      },
+      model: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
+      providerType: 'anthropic',
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider({
+        providerType: 'moonshot',
+        apiKey: 'moon-key',
+        modelId: 'kimi-k2',
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      envValues: {
+        MOONSHOT_API_KEY: 'moon-key',
+      },
+      model: 'moonshot/kimi-k2',
+      providerType: 'moonshot',
+    })
+
+    expect(() =>
+      resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider({
+        providerType: 'google',
+        apiKey: 'google-key',
+        modelId: 'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      }),
+    ).toThrow(new UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError('google'))
+
+    expect(() =>
+      resolveSupportedOpenClawProvider({
+        providerType: 'custom-api-key',
+        baseUrl: 'https://example.test/v1',
+        apiKey: 'custom-key',
+        modelId: 'custom-model',
+      }),
+    ).toThrow(new UnsupportedOpenClawProviderError('custom-api-key'))
+  })
+
+  it('rejects unsupported providers before mutating env or creating agents', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'ops',
+      name: 'ops',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-ops`,
+    }))
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      createAgent,
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      service.createAgent({
+        name: 'ops',
+        providerType: 'google',
+        apiKey: 'google-key',
+        modelId: 'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Unsupported OpenClaw provider')
+
+    expect(createAgent).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(existsSync(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('passes openrouter model refs through verbatim into agent creation', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+      'OPENROUTER_API_KEY=or-key\n',
+      'utf-8',
+    )
+    const createAgent = mock(async () => ({
+      agentId: 'research',
+      name: 'research',
+      workspace: `${OPENCLAW_CONTAINER_HOME}/workspace-research`,
+      model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5',
+    }))
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      createAgent,
+    }
+
+    await service.createAgent({
+      name: 'research',
+      providerType: 'openrouter',
+      apiKey: 'or-key',
+      modelId: 'anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5',
+    })
+
+    expect(createAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      name: 'research',
+      model: 'openrouter/anthropic/claude-haiku-4.5',
+    })
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('updateProviderKeys rejects unsupported providers without restarting', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+
+    await expect(
+      service.updateProviderKeys({
+        providerType: 'google',
+        apiKey: 'google-key',
+        modelId: 'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Unsupported OpenClaw provider')
+
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not restart when provider env content is unchanged', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+      'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n',
+      'utf-8',
+    )
+
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+
+    await service.updateProviderKeys({
+      providerType: 'openai',
+      apiKey: 'sk-test',
+    })
+
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(await readFile(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'), 'utf-8')).toBe(
+      'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('applies the default model when provider keys are unchanged', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+    await writeFile(
+      join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'),
+      'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n',
+      'utf-8',
+    )
+
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const setDefaultModel = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+    service.runtime = {
+      isReady: async () => true,
+      waitForReady: async () => true,
+    }
+    service.cliClient = {
+      setDefaultModel,
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      service.updateProviderKeys({
+        providerType: 'openai',
+        apiKey: 'sk-test',
+        modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+      }),
+    ).resolves.toEqual({
+      modelUpdated: true,
+      restarted: false,
+    })
+
+    expect(setDefaultModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith('openai/gpt-5.4-mini')
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(await readFile(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'), 'utf-8')).toBe(
+      'OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-test\n',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('does not persist env updates when setting the default model fails', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    await mkdir(join(tempDir, '.openclaw'), { recursive: true })
+
+    const setDefaultModel = mock(async () => {
+      throw new Error('container unavailable')
+    })
+    const restart = mock(async () => {})
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+    service.restart = restart
+    service.cliClient = {
+      setDefaultModel,
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      service.updateProviderKeys({
+        providerType: 'openai',
+        apiKey: 'sk-test',
+        modelId: 'gpt-5.4-mini',
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('container unavailable')
+
+    expect(setDefaultModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith('openai/gpt-5.4-mini')
+    expect(restart).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(existsSync(join(tempDir, '.openclaw', '.env'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('applyPodmanOverrides persists the override and refreshes the runtime', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+
+    const result = await service.applyPodmanOverrides({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+
+    expect(result.podmanPath).toBe('/opt/homebrew/bin/podman')
+    expect(result.effectivePodmanPath).toBe('/opt/homebrew/bin/podman')
+
+    const persisted = JSON.parse(
+      await readFile(join(tempDir, 'podman-overrides.json'), 'utf-8'),
+    )
+    expect(persisted).toEqual({ podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman' })
+
+    const reloaded = await service.getPodmanOverrides()
+    expect(reloaded.podmanPath).toBe('/opt/homebrew/bin/podman')
+    expect(reloaded.effectivePodmanPath).toBe('/opt/homebrew/bin/podman')
+  })
+
+  it('applyPodmanOverrides with null clears the override and falls back', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const service = new OpenClawService({
+      resourcesDir: tempDir,
+    }) as MutableOpenClawService
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+
+    await service.applyPodmanOverrides({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+    const cleared = await service.applyPodmanOverrides({ podmanPath: null })
+
+    expect(cleared.podmanPath).toBeNull()
+    // resourcesDir has no bundled binary, so the runtime falls through to 'podman'
+    expect(cleared.effectivePodmanPath).toBe('podman')
+
+    const persisted = JSON.parse(
+      await readFile(join(tempDir, 'podman-overrides.json'), 'utf-8'),
+    )
+    expect(persisted).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+  })
+
+  it('applyPodmanOverrides rebuilds ContainerRuntime so it picks up the new Podman reference', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'openclaw-service-'))
+    const service = new OpenClawService() as MutableOpenClawService
+    service.openclawDir = tempDir
+
+    const before = service.runtime
+    await service.applyPodmanOverrides({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+
+    expect(service.runtime).not.toBe(before)
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/api/services/openclaw/podman-overrides.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import os from 'node:os'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+import {
+  getPodmanOverridesPath,
+  loadPodmanOverrides,
+  savePodmanOverrides,
+} from '../../../../src/api/services/openclaw/podman-overrides'
+
+describe('podman overrides', () => {
+  let tempDir: string
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    tempDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'browseros-podman-ovr-'))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    fs.rmSync(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  })
+
+  it('returns null podmanPath when the overrides file is missing', async () => {
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+  })
+
+  it('round-trips save and load', async () => {
+    await savePodmanOverrides(tempDir, {
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({
+      podmanPath: '/opt/homebrew/bin/podman',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when the overrides file is malformed JSON', async () => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(getPodmanOverridesPath(tempDir), '{not json')
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+  })
+
+  it('treats empty string and wrong types as null', async () => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      getPodmanOverridesPath(tempDir),
+      JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: '' }),
+    )
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      getPodmanOverridesPath(tempDir),
+      JSON.stringify({ podmanPath: 42 }),
+    )
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+  })
+
+  it('persists an explicit null', async () => {
+    await savePodmanOverrides(tempDir, { podmanPath: null })
+    expect(await loadPodmanOverrides(tempDir)).toEqual({ podmanPath: null })
+    expect(fs.existsSync(getPodmanOverridesPath(tempDir))).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('creates the openclaw directory if it does not exist', async () => {
+    const nested = path.join(tempDir, 'does-not-exist')
+    await savePodmanOverrides(nested, { podmanPath: '/usr/local/bin/podman' })
+    expect(fs.existsSync(getPodmanOverridesPath(nested))).toBe(true)
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/browseros-dir.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
+ */
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { homedir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { PATHS } from '@browseros/shared/constants/paths'
+import {
+  getBrowserosDir,
+  logDevelopmentBrowserosDir,
+} from '../src/lib/browseros-dir'
+import { logger } from '../src/lib/logger'
+
+describe('getBrowserosDir', () => {
+  const originalNodeEnv = process.env.NODE_ENV
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    delete process.env.NODE_ENV
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    if (originalNodeEnv === undefined) {
+      delete process.env.NODE_ENV
+      return
+    }
+
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = originalNodeEnv
+  })
+
+  it('uses a separate home directory in development', () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development'
+
+    expect(getBrowserosDir()).toBe(join(homedir(), '.browseros-dev'))
+  })
+
+  it('uses the standard home directory outside development', () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'test'
+
+    expect(getBrowserosDir()).toBe(join(homedir(), PATHS.BROWSEROS_DIR_NAME))
+  })
+
+  it('logs the resolved development directory path', () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'development'
+    const originalInfo = logger.info
+    const info = mock(() => {})
+    logger.info = info
+
+    try {
+      logDevelopmentBrowserosDir()
+
+      expect(info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        `Using development BrowserOS directory: ${join(homedir(), '.browseros-dev')}`,
+      )
+    } finally {
+      logger.info = originalInfo
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('does not log a development directory outside development', () => {
+    process.env.NODE_ENV = 'test'
+    const originalInfo = logger.info
+    const info = mock(() => {})
+    logger.info = info
+
+    try {
+      logDevelopmentBrowserosDir()
+
+      expect(info).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    } finally {
+      logger.info = originalInfo
+    }
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/main.test.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Copyright 2025 BrowserOS
  */
 
-import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, mock } from 'bun:test'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, mock, spyOn } from 'bun:test'
 
 const config = {
   cdpPort: 9222,
@@ -19,87 +19,85 @@ const config = {
 describe('Application.start', () => {
   afterEach(() => {
     mock.restore()
+    mock.clearAllMocks()
   })
 
   it('starts with the CDP backend only', async () => {
-    const createHttpServer = mock(async () => ({}))
+    const apiServer = await import('../src/api/server')
+    const browserModule = await import('../src/browser/browser')
+    const cdpModule = await import('../src/browser/backends/cdp')
+    const browserosDir = await import('../src/lib/browseros-dir')
+    const dbModule = await import('../src/lib/db')
+    const identityModule = await import('../src/lib/identity')
+    const loggerModule = await import('../src/lib/logger')
+    const metricsModule = await import('../src/lib/metrics')
+    const sentryModule = await import('../src/lib/sentry')
+    const soulModule = await import('../src/lib/soul')
+    const openclawService = await import(
+      '../src/api/services/openclaw/openclaw-service'
+    )
+    const podmanRuntime = await import(
+      '../src/api/services/openclaw/podman-runtime'
+    )
+    const migrateModule = await import('../src/skills/migrate')
+    const remoteSyncModule = await import('../src/skills/remote-sync')
+
+    const createHttpServer = spyOn(apiServer, 'createHttpServer')
+    createHttpServer.mockImplementation(async () => ({}) as never)
+
     const cdpConnect = mock(async () => {})
-    const browserCtor = mock(() => {})
-    const loggerInfo = mock(() => {})
-    const loggerWarn = mock(() => {})
-    const loggerDebug = mock(() => {})
-    const loggerError = mock(() => {})
-    mock.module('../src/api/server', () => ({
-      createHttpServer,
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/browser/backends/cdp', () => ({
-      CdpBackend: class {
-        async connect(): Promise<void> {
-          await cdpConnect()
-        }
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/browser/browser', () => ({
-      Browser: class {
-        constructor(cdp: unknown) {
-          browserCtor(cdp)
-        }
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/browseros-dir', () => ({
-      cleanOldSessions: mock(async () => {}),
-      ensureBrowserosDir: mock(async () => {}),
-      removeServerConfigSync: mock(() => {}),
-      writeServerConfig: mock(async () => {}),
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/db', () => ({
-      initializeDb: mock(() => ({})),
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/identity', () => ({
-      identity: {
-        initialize: mock(() => {}),
-        getBrowserOSId: mock(() => 'browseros-id'),
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/logger', () => ({
-      logger: {
-        setLogFile: mock(() => {}),
-        info: loggerInfo,
-        warn: loggerWarn,
-        debug: loggerDebug,
-        error: loggerError,
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/metrics', () => ({
-      metrics: {
-        initialize: mock(() => {}),
-        isEnabled: mock(() => true),
-        log: mock(() => {}),
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/sentry', () => ({
-      Sentry: {
-        setContext: mock(() => {}),
-        setUser: mock(() => {}),
-        captureException: mock(() => {}),
-      },
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/lib/soul', () => ({
-      seedSoulTemplate: mock(async () => {}),
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/skills/migrate', () => ({
-      migrateBuiltinSkills: mock(async () => {}),
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/skills/remote-sync', () => ({
-      startSkillSync: mock(() => {}),
-      stopSkillSync: mock(() => {}),
-      syncBuiltinSkills: mock(async () => {}),
-    }))
-    mock.module('../src/tools/registry', () => ({
-      registry: {
-        names: () => ['test_tool'],
-      },
-    }))
+    spyOn(cdpModule.CdpBackend.prototype, 'connect').mockImplementation(
+      cdpConnect,
+    )
+
+    spyOn(browserosDir, 'cleanOldSessions').mockImplementation(async () => {})
+    spyOn(browserosDir, 'ensureBrowserosDir').mockImplementation(async () => {})
+    spyOn(browserosDir, 'writeServerConfig').mockImplementation(async () => {})
+    spyOn(browserosDir, 'removeServerConfigSync').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    spyOn(dbModule, 'initializeDb').mockImplementation(() => ({}) as never)
+    spyOn(identityModule.identity, 'initialize').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(identityModule.identity, 'getBrowserOSId').mockImplementation(
+      () => 'browseros-id',
+    )
+
+    const loggerInfo = spyOn(loggerModule.logger, 'info').mockImplementation(
+      () => {},
+    )
+    const loggerWarn = spyOn(loggerModule.logger, 'warn').mockImplementation(
+      () => {},
+    )
+    spyOn(loggerModule.logger, 'debug').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    const loggerError = spyOn(loggerModule.logger, 'error').mockImplementation(
+      () => {},
+    )
+    spyOn(loggerModule.logger, 'setLogFile').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    spyOn(metricsModule.metrics, 'initialize').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(metricsModule.metrics, 'isEnabled').mockImplementation(() => true)
+    spyOn(metricsModule.metrics, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    spyOn(sentryModule.Sentry, 'setContext').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(sentryModule.Sentry, 'setUser').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(sentryModule.Sentry, 'captureException').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    spyOn(soulModule, 'seedSoulTemplate').mockImplementation(async () => {})
+    spyOn(migrateModule, 'migrateBuiltinSkills').mockImplementation(
+      async () => {},
+    )
+    spyOn(remoteSyncModule, 'syncBuiltinSkills').mockImplementation(
+      async () => {},
+    )
+    spyOn(remoteSyncModule, 'startSkillSync').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(remoteSyncModule, 'stopSkillSync').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+    spyOn(podmanRuntime, 'configurePodmanRuntime').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    spyOn(openclawService, 'configureOpenClawService').mockImplementation(
+      () =>
+        ({
+          tryAutoStart: async () => {},
+        }) as never,
+    )
 
     const { Application } = await import('../src/main')
     const app = new Application(config)
@@ -107,9 +105,14 @@ describe('Application.start', () => {
     await app.start()
 
     expect(cdpConnect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    expect(browserCtor).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
     expect(createHttpServer).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(createHttpServer.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        browser: expect.any(browserModule.Browser),
+      }),
+    )
     expect(createHttpServer.mock.calls[0]?.[0]).not.toHaveProperty('controller')
+    expect(loggerInfo).toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(loggerWarn).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(loggerError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })

packages/browseros-agent/apps/server/tests/tools/input.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { describe, it } from 'bun:test'
+import { afterAll, describe, it } from 'bun:test'
 import assert from 'node:assert'
 import type { Browser } from '../../src/browser/browser'
+import { disposeSemanticPipeline } from '../../src/tools/acl/acl-embeddings'
 import { executeTool, type ToolContext } from '../../src/tools/framework'
 import {
   check,
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import {
 } from '../../src/tools/input'
 import { close_page, navigate_page, new_page } from '../../src/tools/navigation'
 import { evaluate_script, take_snapshot } from '../../src/tools/snapshot'
-import { withBrowser } from '../__helpers__/with-browser'
+import { cleanupWithBrowser, withBrowser } from '../__helpers__/with-browser'
+
+process.env.ACL_EMBEDDING_DISABLE = 'true'
 
 function textOf(result: {
   content: { type: string; text?: string }[]
@@ -52,6 +55,72 @@ function findElementId(snapshotText: string, label: string): number {
   return Number.parseInt(match[1], 10)
 }
 
+async function pointInsideElement(
+  ctx: ToolContext,
+  pageId: number,
+  elementDomId: string,
+): Promise<{ x: number; y: number }> {
+  const pointResult = await executeTool(
+    evaluate_script,
+    {
+      page: pageId,
+      expression: `(() => {
+        const el = document.getElementById(${JSON.stringify(elementDomId)});
+        if (!el) return null;
+        const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const insetX = Math.max(1, Math.min(10, Math.floor(rect.width / 4)));
+        const insetY = Math.max(1, Math.min(10, Math.floor(rect.height / 4)));
+        const candidates = [
+          {
+            x: Math.round(rect.left + rect.width / 2),
+            y: Math.round(rect.top + rect.height / 2),
+          },
+          {
+            x: Math.round(rect.left + insetX),
+            y: Math.round(rect.top + insetY),
+          },
+          {
+            x: Math.round(rect.right - insetX),
+            y: Math.round(rect.top + insetY),
+          },
+          {
+            x: Math.round(rect.left + insetX),
+            y: Math.round(rect.bottom - insetY),
+          },
+          {
+            x: Math.round(rect.right - insetX),
+            y: Math.round(rect.bottom - insetY),
+          },
+        ];
+        for (const candidate of candidates) {
+          const target = document.elementFromPoint(candidate.x, candidate.y);
+          if (target && (target === el || el.contains(target))) {
+            return { ...candidate, matched: true, hitId: target.id || null };
+          }
+        }
+        const fallback = candidates[0];
+        const fallbackTarget = document.elementFromPoint(fallback.x, fallback.y);
+        return {
+          ...fallback,
+          matched: false,
+          hitId: fallbackTarget instanceof Element ? fallbackTarget.id || null : null,
+        };
+      })()`,
+    },
+    ctx,
+    AbortSignal.timeout(30_000),
+  )
+  const point = structuredOf<{
+    value: { x: number; y: number; matched: boolean; hitId: string | null }
+  } | null>(pointResult)?.value
+  assert.ok(point, `Expected a point for #${elementDomId}`)
+  assert.ok(
+    point.matched,
+    `Expected coordinates inside #${elementDomId}, got ${point.hitId ?? 'null'}`,
+  )
+  return { x: point.x, y: point.y }
+}
+
 const FORM_PAGE = `data:text/html,${encodeURIComponent(`<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html><body>
   <h1>Test Form</h1>
@@ -89,6 +158,11 @@ const FORM_PAGE = `data:text/html,${encodeURIComponent(`<!DOCTYPE html>
   </script>
 </body></html>`)}`
 
+afterAll(async () => {
+  await disposeSemanticPipeline()
+  await cleanupWithBrowser()
+})
+
 describe('input tools', () => {
   it('fill types text into an input', async () => {
     await withBrowser(async ({ execute }) => {
@@ -410,7 +484,7 @@ describe('input tools', () => {
         {
           id: 'submit-rule',
           sitePattern: '*',
-          description: 'submit',
+          textMatch: 'Submit',
           enabled: true,
         },
       ]
@@ -437,7 +511,7 @@ describe('input tools', () => {
           {
             id: 'submit-rule',
             sitePattern: '*',
-            description: 'submit',
+            textMatch: 'Submit',
             enabled: true,
           },
           {
@@ -457,24 +531,7 @@ describe('input tools', () => {
       )
       const pageId = pageIdOf(newResult)
 
-      const buttonCenter = await executeTool(
-        evaluate_script,
-        {
-          page: pageId,
-          expression: `(() => {
-            const rect = document.getElementById('submit-btn').getBoundingClientRect();
-            return {
-              x: Math.round(rect.left + rect.width / 2),
-              y: Math.round(rect.top + rect.height / 2),
-            };
-          })()`,
-        },
-        ctx,
-        AbortSignal.timeout(30_000),
-      )
-      const buttonPoint = structuredOf<{ value: { x: number; y: number } }>(
-        buttonCenter,
-      ).value
+      const buttonPoint = await pointInsideElement(ctx, pageId, 'submit-btn')
 
       const blockedClick = await executeTool(
         click_at,
@@ -492,24 +549,7 @@ describe('input tools', () => {
         },
       ]
 
-      const inputCenter = await executeTool(
-        evaluate_script,
-        {
-          page: pageId,
-          expression: `(() => {
-            const rect = document.getElementById('name').getBoundingClientRect();
-            return {
-              x: Math.round(rect.left + rect.width / 2),
-              y: Math.round(rect.top + rect.height / 2),
-            };
-          })()`,
-        },
-        ctx,
-        AbortSignal.timeout(30_000),
-      )
-      const inputPoint = structuredOf<{ value: { x: number; y: number } }>(
-        inputCenter,
-      ).value
+      const inputPoint = await pointInsideElement(ctx, pageId, 'name')
 
       const blockedType = await executeTool(
         type_at,

packages/browseros-agent/bun.lock

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
     },
     "apps/server": {
       "name": "@browseros/server",
-      "version": "0.0.85",
+      "version": "0.0.88",
       "bin": {
         "browseros-server": "./src/index.ts",
       },

packages/browseros-agent/package.json

@@ -27,10 +27,17 @@
     "build:agent": "bun run codegen:agent && bun run --filter @browseros/agent build",
     "build:agent-sdk": "bun run --filter @browseros-ai/agent-sdk build",
     "codegen:agent": "bun run --filter @browseros/agent codegen",
-    "test": "bun run test:tools && bun run test:integration",
+    "test": "bun run test:all",
+    "test:all": "bun run test:server && bun run test:agent && bun run test:eval && bun run test:agent-sdk && bun run test:build",
+    "test:server": "bun run --filter @browseros/server test",
     "test:tools": "bun run --filter @browseros/server test:tools",
+    "test:cdp": "bun run --filter @browseros/server test:cdp",
     "test:integration": "bun run --filter @browseros/server test:integration",
-    "test:sdk": "echo 'SDK tests disabled: test environment does not provide the extract/verify LLM service'",
+    "test:sdk": "bun run --filter @browseros/server test:sdk",
+    "test:agent": "bun run ./scripts/run-bun-test.ts ./apps/agent",
+    "test:eval": "bun run ./scripts/run-bun-test.ts ./apps/eval/tests",
+    "test:agent-sdk": "bun run ./scripts/run-bun-test.ts ./packages/agent-sdk",
+    "test:build": "bun run ./scripts/run-bun-test.ts ./scripts/build",
     "typecheck": "bun run --filter '*' typecheck",
     "lint": "bunx biome check",
     "lint:fix": "bunx biome check --write --unsafe",

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/config/server-prod-resources.json

@@ -1,59 +1,5 @@
 {
   "resources": [
-    {
-      "name": "Bun Runtime - macOS ARM64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/bun/bun-darwin-arm64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/bun",
-      "os": ["macos"],
-      "arch": ["arm64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Bun Runtime - macOS x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/bun/bun-darwin-x64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/bun",
-      "os": ["macos"],
-      "arch": ["x64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Bun Runtime - Linux ARM64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/bun/bun-linux-arm64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/bun",
-      "os": ["linux"],
-      "arch": ["arm64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Bun Runtime - Linux x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/bun/bun-linux-x64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/bun",
-      "os": ["linux"],
-      "arch": ["x64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Bun Runtime - Windows x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/bun/bun-windows-x64.exe"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/bun.exe",
-      "os": ["windows"],
-      "arch": ["x64"]
-    },
     {
       "name": "Podman CLI - macOS ARM64",
       "source": {
@@ -183,60 +129,6 @@
       "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/podman/win-sshproxy.exe",
       "os": ["windows"],
       "arch": ["x64"]
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "ripgrep - macOS ARM64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/ripgrep/rg-darwin-arm64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/rg",
-      "os": ["macos"],
-      "arch": ["arm64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "ripgrep - macOS x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/ripgrep/rg-darwin-x64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/rg",
-      "os": ["macos"],
-      "arch": ["x64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "ripgrep - Linux ARM64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/ripgrep/rg-linux-arm64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/rg",
-      "os": ["linux"],
-      "arch": ["arm64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "ripgrep - Linux x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/ripgrep/rg-linux-x64"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/rg",
-      "os": ["linux"],
-      "arch": ["x64"],
-      "executable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "ripgrep - Windows x64",
-      "source": {
-        "type": "r2",
-        "key": "third_party/ripgrep/rg-windows-x64.exe"
-      },
-      "destination": "resources/bin/third_party/rg.exe",
-      "os": ["windows"],
-      "arch": ["x64"]
     }
   ]
 }

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/server/manifest.ts

@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@ function validateRule(rule: ResourceRule): void {
   if (!rule.name || rule.name.trim().length === 0) {
     throw new Error('Manifest rule is missing name')
   }
-  if (!rule.source.key || !rule.destination) {
+  const hasSourcePath =
+    (rule.source.type === 'r2' && rule.source.key) ||
+    (rule.source.type === 'local' && rule.source.path)
+  if (!hasSourcePath || !rule.destination) {
     throw new Error(
-      `Manifest rule ${rule.name} is missing source key or destination`,
+      `Manifest rule ${rule.name} is missing source path or destination`,
     )
   }
 }
@@ -24,16 +27,21 @@ function parseSource(raw: unknown): ResourceRule['source'] {
     throw new Error('Manifest source must be an object')
   }
   const source = raw as Record<string, unknown>
-  if (source.type !== 'r2') {
-    throw new Error(
-      `Unsupported source type in manifest: ${String(source.type)}`,
-    )
+  if (source.type === 'r2') {
+    const key = source.key
+    if (typeof key !== 'string' || key.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error('Manifest source key is required')
+    }
+    return { type: 'r2', key }
   }
-  const key = source.key
-  if (typeof key !== 'string' || key.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error('Manifest source key is required')
+  if (source.type === 'local') {
+    const path = source.path
+    if (typeof path !== 'string' || path.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error('Manifest source path is required')
+    }
+    return { type: 'local', path }
   }
-  return { type: 'r2', key }
+  throw new Error(`Unsupported source type in manifest: ${String(source.type)}`)
 }
 
 function parseRule(raw: unknown): ResourceRule {

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/server/orchestrator.ts

@@ -34,17 +34,28 @@ export async function runProdResourceBuild(argv: string[]): Promise<void> {
     { ci: args.ci },
   )
 
+  const manifestPath = resolve(rootDir, args.manifestPath)
+  if (!existsSync(manifestPath)) {
+    throw new Error(`Manifest not found: ${manifestPath}`)
+  }
+  const manifest = loadManifest(manifestPath)
+
   if (args.ci) {
     const distRoot = getDistProdRoot()
     const localArtifacts = []
 
     for (const binary of compiled) {
       log.step(`Packaging ${binary.target.name}`)
+      const rules = getTargetRules(manifest, binary.target).filter(
+        (rule) => rule.source.type === 'local',
+      )
       const staged = await stageCompiledArtifact(
         distRoot,
         binary.binaryPath,
         binary.target,
         buildConfig.version,
+        rules,
+        rootDir,
       )
       localArtifacts.push(staged)
       log.success(`Packaged ${binary.target.id}`)
@@ -58,12 +69,6 @@ export async function runProdResourceBuild(argv: string[]): Promise<void> {
     return
   }
 
-  const manifestPath = resolve(rootDir, args.manifestPath)
-  if (!existsSync(manifestPath)) {
-    throw new Error(`Manifest not found: ${manifestPath}`)
-  }
-
-  const manifest = loadManifest(manifestPath)
   const distRoot = getDistProdRoot()
   const r2 = buildConfig.r2
   if (!r2) {
@@ -76,13 +81,14 @@ export async function runProdResourceBuild(argv: string[]): Promise<void> {
     for (const binary of compiled) {
       const rules = getTargetRules(manifest, binary.target)
       log.step(
-        `Staging ${binary.target.name} (${rules.length} download rule(s))`,
+        `Staging ${binary.target.name} (${rules.length} resource rule(s))`,
       )
       const staged = await stageTargetArtifact(
         distRoot,
         binary.binaryPath,
         binary.target,
         rules,
+        rootDir,
         client,
         r2,
         buildConfig.version,

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/server/stage.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test'
+import { mkdtemp, rm, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { loadManifest } from './manifest'
+
+describe('server artifact staging', () => {
+  let tempDir: string | null = null
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    if (tempDir) {
+      await rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+      tempDir = null
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('loads empty local-resource rules from the manifest', async () => {
+    tempDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), 'browseros-stage-test-'))
+    const manifestPath = join(tempDir, 'manifest.json')
+    await writeFile(manifestPath, JSON.stringify({ resources: [] }))
+
+    expect(loadManifest(manifestPath)).toEqual({
+      resources: [],
+    })
+  })
+})

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/server/stage.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { chmod, cp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises'
-import { dirname, isAbsolute, join, relative } from 'node:path'
+import { dirname, isAbsolute, join, relative, resolve } from 'node:path'
 
 import type { S3Client } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3'
 
@@ -75,13 +75,40 @@ function resolveDestination(rootDir: string, destination: string): string {
 
 async function stageRule(
   rootDir: string,
+  sourceRoot: string,
   rule: ResourceRule,
   target: BuildTarget,
   client: S3Client,
   r2: R2Config,
 ): Promise<void> {
   const destinationPath = resolveDestination(rootDir, rule.destination)
-  await downloadObjectToFile(client, r2, rule.source.key, destinationPath)
+  await mkdir(dirname(destinationPath), { recursive: true })
+
+  if (rule.source.type === 'local') {
+    await stageLocalRule(destinationPath, sourceRoot, rule, target)
+  } else {
+    await downloadObjectToFile(client, r2, rule.source.key, destinationPath)
+    if (rule.executable && target.os !== 'windows') {
+      await chmod(destinationPath, 0o755)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function stageLocalRule(
+  destinationPath: string,
+  sourceRoot: string,
+  rule: ResourceRule,
+  target: BuildTarget,
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (rule.source.type !== 'local') {
+    throw new Error(`Expected local source rule, got ${rule.source.type}`)
+  }
+
+  await mkdir(dirname(destinationPath), { recursive: true })
+  const sourcePath = isAbsolute(rule.source.path)
+    ? rule.source.path
+    : resolve(sourceRoot, rule.source.path)
+  await cp(sourcePath, destinationPath)
 
   if (rule.executable && target.os !== 'windows') {
     await chmod(destinationPath, 0o755)
@@ -93,6 +120,7 @@ export async function stageTargetArtifact(
   compiledBinaryPath: string,
   target: BuildTarget,
   rules: ResourceRule[],
+  sourceRoot: string,
   client: S3Client,
   r2: R2Config,
   version: string,
@@ -100,7 +128,7 @@ export async function stageTargetArtifact(
   const rootDir = await createArtifactRoot(distRoot, compiledBinaryPath, target)
 
   for (const rule of rules) {
-    await stageRule(rootDir, rule, target, client, r2)
+    await stageRule(rootDir, sourceRoot, rule, target, client, r2)
   }
 
   return finalizeArtifact(rootDir, target, version)
@@ -111,7 +139,22 @@ export async function stageCompiledArtifact(
   compiledBinaryPath: string,
   target: BuildTarget,
   version: string,
+  rules: ResourceRule[] = [],
+  sourceRoot = process.cwd(),
 ): Promise<StagedArtifact> {
   const rootDir = await createArtifactRoot(distRoot, compiledBinaryPath, target)
+
+  for (const rule of rules) {
+    if (rule.source.type !== 'local') {
+      continue
+    }
+    await stageLocalRule(
+      resolveDestination(rootDir, rule.destination),
+      sourceRoot,
+      rule,
+      target,
+    )
+  }
+
   return finalizeArtifact(rootDir, target, version)
 }

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/build/server/types.ts

@@ -40,11 +40,18 @@ export interface BuildConfig {
   r2?: R2Config
 }
 
-export interface ResourceSource {
+export interface R2ResourceSource {
   type: 'r2'
   key: string
 }
 
+export interface LocalResourceSource {
+  type: 'local'
+  path: string
+}
+
+export type ResourceSource = R2ResourceSource | LocalResourceSource
+
 export interface ResourceRule {
   name: string
   source: ResourceSource

packages/browseros-agent/scripts/run-bun-test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process'
+import { mkdirSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path'
+
+const projectRoot = resolve(import.meta.dir, '..')
+const junitPath = process.env.BROWSEROS_JUNIT_PATH?.trim()
+const testArgs = process.argv.slice(2)
+
+const cmd = [process.execPath, 'test']
+
+if (junitPath) {
+  const outputPath = resolve(projectRoot, junitPath)
+  mkdirSync(dirname(outputPath), { recursive: true })
+  cmd.push('--reporter=junit', `--reporter-outfile=${outputPath}`)
+}
+
+cmd.push(...testArgs)
+
+const result = spawnSync(cmd[0], cmd.slice(1), {
+  cwd: projectRoot,
+  env: process.env,
+  stdio: 'inherit',
+})
+
+if (result.error) {
+  throw result.error
+}
+
+process.exit(result.status ?? 1)

packages/browseros-agent/tools/dev/cmd/cleanup.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"browseros-dev/proc"
 
@@ -33,7 +34,9 @@ func runCleanup(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if doPorts {
 		ports := proc.DefaultLocalPorts()
 		proc.LogMsgf(proc.TagInfo, "Killing processes on ports %d, %d, %d...", ports.CDP, ports.Server, ports.Extension)
-		proc.KillPorts(ports)
+		if err := proc.KillPortsAndWait(ports, 3*time.Second); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		proc.LogMsg(proc.TagInfo, "Ports cleared")
 	}
 

packages/browseros-agent/tools/dev/cmd/watch.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
+	"time"
 
 	"browseros-dev/browser"
 	"browseros-dev/proc"
@@ -62,7 +63,9 @@ func runWatch(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("creating user-data dir: %w", err)
 		}
 		proc.LogMsg(proc.TagInfo, "Killing processes on preferred ports...")
-		proc.KillPorts(defaultPorts)
+		if err := proc.KillPortsAndWait(defaultPorts, 3*time.Second); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		proc.LogMsg(proc.TagInfo, "Ports cleared")
 
 		p, reservations, err = proc.ResolveWatchPorts(false)
@@ -159,6 +162,9 @@ func runWatch(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		Env:     env,
 		Restart: true,
 		Cmd:     []string{"bun", "--watch", "--env-file=.env.development", "src/index.ts"},
+		BeforeStart: func() error {
+			return proc.KillPortAndWait(p.Server, 3*time.Second)
+		},
 	}))
 
 	<-sigCh

packages/browseros-agent/tools/dev/proc/managed.go

@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 type ProcConfig struct {
-	Tag     Tag
-	Dir     string
-	Env     []string
-	Restart bool
-	Cmd     []string
+	Tag         Tag
+	Dir         string
+	Env         []string
+	Restart     bool
+	Cmd         []string
+	BeforeStart func() error
 }
 
 type ManagedProc struct {
@@ -49,6 +50,17 @@ func (mp *ManagedProc) run(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		if mp.Cfg.BeforeStart != nil {
+			if err := mp.Cfg.BeforeStart(); err != nil {
+				LogMsg(mp.Cfg.Tag, ErrorColor.Sprintf("Pre-start failed: %v", err))
+				if !mp.Cfg.Restart || ctx.Err() != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				time.Sleep(time.Second)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
 		LogMsgf(mp.Cfg.Tag, "Starting: %s", DimColor.Sprint(strings.Join(mp.Cfg.Cmd, " ")))
 
 		cmd := exec.Command(mp.Cfg.Cmd[0], mp.Cfg.Cmd[1:]...)

packages/browseros-agent/tools/dev/proc/managed_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package proc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestStartManagedRunsBeforeStartOnEachRetry(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2200*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var count atomic.Int32
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	StartManaged(ctx, &wg, ProcConfig{
+		Tag:     TagInfo,
+		Dir:     t.TempDir(),
+		Restart: true,
+		Cmd:     []string{"sh", "-c", "exit 1"},
+		BeforeStart: func() error {
+			count.Add(1)
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if count.Load() < 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected BeforeStart to run on retries, got %d calls", count.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStartManagedSkipsLaunchWhenBeforeStartFails(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	sentinel := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "started")
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	StartManaged(ctx, &wg, ProcConfig{
+		Tag:     TagInfo,
+		Dir:     t.TempDir(),
+		Restart: false,
+		Cmd:     []string{"sh", "-c", "touch " + sentinel},
+		BeforeStart: func() error {
+			return context.DeadlineExceeded
+		},
+	})
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(sentinel); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected process launch to be skipped, stat err=%v", err)
+	}
+}

packages/browseros-agent/tools/dev/proc/ports.go

@@ -133,6 +133,29 @@ func KillPort(port int) {
 	exec.Command("sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf("lsof -ti:%d | xargs kill -9 2>/dev/null || true", port)).Run()
 }
 
+func KillPortAndWait(port int, timeout time.Duration) error {
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(timeout)
+	for {
+		KillPort(port)
+		if IsPortAvailable(port) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("port %d is still in use after kill -9 cleanup", port)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+}
+
+func KillPortsAndWait(p Ports, timeout time.Duration) error {
+	for _, port := range []int{p.CDP, p.Server, p.Extension} {
+		if err := KillPortAndWait(port, timeout); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func BuildEnv(p Ports, nodeEnv string) []string {
 	env := os.Environ()
 	env = append(env,

packages/browseros/build/common/server_binaries.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Shared sign metadata for BrowserOS Server binaries.
+
+Consumed by both the Chromium-build signing path (build/modules/sign/) and the
+OTA release path (build/modules/ota/). Adding a new third-party binary here
+means both paths pick it up automatically.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SignSpec:
+    """Per-binary codesign metadata.
+
+    ``entitlements`` is the filename of the plist under
+    ``resources/entitlements/``; ``None`` means no extra entitlements.
+    """
+
+    identifier_suffix: str
+    options: str
+    entitlements: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES: Dict[str, SignSpec] = {
+    "browseros_server": SignSpec(
+        "browseros_server", "runtime", "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist"
+    ),
+    "bun": SignSpec("bun", "runtime", "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist"),
+    "rg": SignSpec("rg", "runtime"),
+    "podman": SignSpec("podman", "runtime"),
+    "gvproxy": SignSpec("gvproxy", "runtime"),
+    "vfkit": SignSpec("vfkit", "runtime", "podman-vfkit-entitlements.plist"),
+    "krunkit": SignSpec("krunkit", "runtime", "podman-krunkit-entitlements.plist"),
+    "podman-mac-helper": SignSpec("podman_mac_helper", "runtime"),
+}
+
+
+WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES: List[str] = [
+    "browseros_server.exe",
+    "third_party/bun.exe",
+    "third_party/rg.exe",
+    "third_party/podman/podman.exe",
+    "third_party/podman/gvproxy.exe",
+    "third_party/podman/win-sshproxy.exe",
+]
+
+
+def macos_sign_spec_for(binary_path: Path) -> Optional[SignSpec]:
+    """Look up sign metadata by file stem (e.g., ``podman-mac-helper``)."""
+    return MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES.get(binary_path.stem)
+
+
+def expected_windows_binary_paths(server_bin_dir: Path) -> List[Path]:
+    """Resolve the Windows relative-path list against a ``resources/bin`` dir."""
+    return [server_bin_dir / rel for rel in WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES]

packages/browseros/build/common/server_binaries_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Tests for the shared server-binary sign table."""
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from .server_binaries import (
+    MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES,
+    WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES,
+    expected_windows_binary_paths,
+    macos_sign_spec_for,
+)
+
+ENTITLEMENTS_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "resources" / "entitlements"
+
+
+class MacosServerBinariesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_every_entry_has_identifier_and_options(self):
+        for stem, spec in MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES.items():
+            self.assertTrue(spec.identifier_suffix, f"{stem} missing identifier_suffix")
+            self.assertTrue(spec.options, f"{stem} missing options")
+
+    def test_every_entitlements_plist_exists_on_disk(self):
+        for stem, spec in MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES.items():
+            if spec.entitlements is None:
+                continue
+            plist = ENTITLEMENTS_DIR / spec.entitlements
+            self.assertTrue(plist.exists(), f"{stem}: entitlements {plist} missing")
+
+    def test_macos_sign_spec_for_resolves_by_stem(self):
+        spec = macos_sign_spec_for(Path("/x/podman-mac-helper"))
+        assert spec is not None
+        self.assertEqual(spec.identifier_suffix, "podman_mac_helper")
+        self.assertIsNone(macos_sign_spec_for(Path("/x/not_a_known_binary")))
+
+    def test_matches_podman_bundle_layout(self):
+        required = {"podman", "gvproxy", "vfkit", "krunkit", "podman-mac-helper"}
+        self.assertTrue(required.issubset(MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES.keys()))
+
+
+class WindowsServerBinariesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_no_duplicates(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES), len(set(WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES))
+        )
+
+    def test_paths_within_expected_layout(self):
+        for rel in WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES:
+            self.assertTrue(
+                rel == "browseros_server.exe" or rel.startswith("third_party/"),
+                f"{rel} outside expected layout",
+            )
+
+    def test_expected_windows_binary_paths_joins_root(self):
+        root = Path("/tmp/fake/resources/bin")
+        resolved = expected_windows_binary_paths(root)
+        self.assertEqual(len(resolved), len(WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES))
+        for rel, abs_path in zip(WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES, resolved):
+            self.assertEqual(abs_path, root / rel)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

packages/browseros/build/config/BROWSEROS_BUILD_OFFSET

@@ -1 +1 @@
-143
+144

packages/browseros/build/config/appcast/appcast-server.alpha.xml

@@ -7,52 +7,16 @@
     <language>en</language>
 
     <item>
-      <sparkle:version>0.0.74</sparkle:version>
-      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 21:20:48 +0000</pubDate>
+      <sparkle:version>0.0.86</sparkle:version>
+      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 18:58:59 +0000</pubDate>
 
       <!-- macOS arm64 -->
       <enclosure
-        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.74_darwin_arm64.zip"
+        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.86_darwin_arm64.zip"
         sparkle:os="macos"
         sparkle:arch="arm64"
-        sparkle:edSignature="aPuQG3dtQj5v857CNSZ+Ahz3bxUOM7+tSEskW0mIbJV6969a3j1kAqOQ20D1FcxlEyYqquFOaeHpoGaDi6LsDg=="
-        length="22191352"
-        type="application/zip"/>
-
-      <!-- macOS x86_64 -->
-      <enclosure
-        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.74_darwin_x64.zip"
-        sparkle:os="macos"
-        sparkle:arch="x86_64"
-        sparkle:edSignature="X+FCQFH2HpBG43UiJjE0FkheyfOAUW2dhtmKn9HKRrJkqMGsaw+bhjdze1lP02oz71b8Q9AkC2NYwSUN0m0FAQ=="
-        length="24641802"
-        type="application/zip"/>
-
-      <!-- Linux arm64 -->
-      <enclosure
-        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.74_linux_arm64.zip"
-        sparkle:os="linux"
-        sparkle:arch="arm64"
-        sparkle:edSignature="1tnET+iFDYEc9kdwV9U3mo4rExX0JBnlJOrcEQOGBwR/478NxbOsPx3AI/H7216HlylayNj7bYLVJY/FJqY2Dg=="
-        length="37751728"
-        type="application/zip"/>
-
-      <!-- Linux x86_64 -->
-      <enclosure
-        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.74_linux_x64.zip"
-        sparkle:os="linux"
-        sparkle:arch="x86_64"
-        sparkle:edSignature="/OUrTZmgYWIWWWu71XAzN0B6hgs2WD9MOiZsXMvsv22TZwlEP1RdQsEO84JgFMb9if37MZX47utA2UWpSfFtAg=="
-        length="39041390"
-        type="application/zip"/>
-
-      <!-- Windows x86_64 -->
-      <enclosure
-        url="https://cdn.browseros.com/server/browseros_server_0.0.74_windows_x64.zip"
-        sparkle:os="windows"
-        sparkle:arch="x86_64"
-        sparkle:edSignature="qd7XYvoa59QA1bSUkaXbtBCti8DQGh3mWWfPG1qtgk5InLXJ07Y0ve/Y6ZAn8fyz6XGLEgMVhUa6eblmVuUODw=="
-        length="40986233"
+        sparkle:edSignature="kkM3dFanJr9TQgRPV7NOs7GwYpVfLHH+Db6oUWLHTWQFODBy8wx46fD6sioQdsB4k+9Ra9QCBm0WRSvKDkljDQ=="
+        length="101284695"
         type="application/zip"/>
     </item>
 

packages/browseros/build/config/release.macos.arm64.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# BrowserOS macOS Release Build Configuration (arm64 only)
+#
+# Single-architecture arm64 release build. Skips the universal_build
+# pipeline (no x64, no lipo merge) — follows the standard per-arch flow
+# like release.windows.yaml / release.linux.yaml.
+#
+# Environment Variables:
+#   Use !env tag to reference environment variables:
+#     Example: chromium_src: !env CHROMIUM_SRC
+
+build:
+  type: release
+  architecture: arm64
+
+gn_flags:
+  file: build/config/gn/flags.macos.release.gn
+
+# Explicit module execution order
+modules:
+  # Phase 1: Setup
+  - clean
+  - git_setup
+  - sparkle_setup
+
+  # Phase 2: Patches & Resources
+  - download_resources
+  - resources
+  - bundled_extensions
+  - chromium_replace
+  - string_replaces
+  - series_patches
+  - patches
+
+  # Phase 3: Build
+  - configure
+  - compile
+
+  # Phase 4: Sign & Package
+  - sign_macos
+  - package_macos
+
+  # Phase 5: Upload
+  - upload
+
+# Required environment variables
+# Note: CHROMIUM_SRC can be provided via --chromium-src CLI flag, YAML config, or env var
+required_envs:
+  - MACOS_CERTIFICATE_NAME
+  - PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_APPLE_ID
+  - PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_TEAM_ID
+  - PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_PWD
+
+# Notification settings
+notifications:
+  slack: true

packages/browseros/build/modules/ota/__init__.py

@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@ from .common import (
     SignedArtifact,
     SERVER_PLATFORMS,
     APPCAST_TEMPLATE,
-    find_server_binary,
+    find_server_resources_dir,
+    create_server_bundle_zip,
 )
 from .sign_binary import (
     sign_macos_binary,
     notarize_macos_binary,
+    notarize_macos_zip,
     sign_windows_binary,
+    sign_server_bundle_macos,
+    sign_server_bundle_windows,
 )
 from .server import ServerOTAModule
 
@@ -30,10 +34,14 @@ __all__ = [
     "parse_existing_appcast",
     "ExistingAppcast",
     "SignedArtifact",
-    "find_server_binary",
+    "find_server_resources_dir",
+    "create_server_bundle_zip",
     "sign_macos_binary",
     "notarize_macos_binary",
+    "notarize_macos_zip",
     "sign_windows_binary",
+    "sign_server_bundle_macos",
+    "sign_server_bundle_windows",
     "SERVER_PLATFORMS",
     "APPCAST_TEMPLATE",
 ]

packages/browseros/build/modules/ota/bundle_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Tests for OTA bundle-zip creation."""
+
+import stat
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from .common import create_server_bundle_zip, find_server_resources_dir
+
+
+def _write_exec(path: Path, content: bytes) -> None:
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    path.write_bytes(content)
+    path.chmod(path.stat().st_mode | 0o755)
+
+
+class CreateServerBundleZipTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_bundles_full_resources_tree(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            staging = Path(tmp) / "darwin-arm64"
+            resources = staging / "resources"
+            _write_exec(resources / "bin" / "browseros_server", b"server")
+            _write_exec(resources / "bin" / "third_party" / "bun", b"bun")
+            _write_exec(resources / "bin" / "third_party" / "rg", b"rg")
+            _write_exec(resources / "bin" / "third_party" / "podman" / "podman", b"pd")
+            _write_exec(
+                resources / "bin" / "third_party" / "podman" / "gvproxy", b"gv"
+            )
+
+            zip_path = Path(tmp) / "bundle.zip"
+            self.assertTrue(create_server_bundle_zip(resources, zip_path))
+
+            with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path) as zf:
+                names = set(zf.namelist())
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                names,
+                {
+                    "resources/bin/browseros_server",
+                    "resources/bin/third_party/bun",
+                    "resources/bin/third_party/rg",
+                    "resources/bin/third_party/podman/podman",
+                    "resources/bin/third_party/podman/gvproxy",
+                },
+            )
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "file mode check is meaningless on Windows")
+    def test_preserves_executable_bits(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            resources = Path(tmp) / "darwin-arm64" / "resources"
+            _write_exec(resources / "bin" / "browseros_server", b"server")
+
+            zip_path = Path(tmp) / "bundle.zip"
+            self.assertTrue(create_server_bundle_zip(resources, zip_path))
+
+            with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path) as zf:
+                info = zf.getinfo("resources/bin/browseros_server")
+
+            mode = (info.external_attr >> 16) & 0o777
+            self.assertTrue(mode & stat.S_IXUSR)
+
+    def test_missing_resources_dir_fails(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            missing = Path(tmp) / "does-not-exist"
+            zip_path = Path(tmp) / "bundle.zip"
+            self.assertFalse(create_server_bundle_zip(missing, zip_path))
+
+
+class FindServerResourcesDirTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_returns_resources_dir_when_present(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            root = Path(tmp)
+            (root / "darwin-arm64" / "resources" / "bin").mkdir(parents=True)
+            found = find_server_resources_dir(
+                root, {"name": "darwin_arm64", "target": "darwin-arm64"}
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(found, root / "darwin-arm64" / "resources")
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_absent(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            root = Path(tmp)
+            self.assertIsNone(
+                find_server_resources_dir(
+                    root, {"name": "darwin_arm64", "target": "darwin-arm64"}
+                )
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

packages/browseros/build/modules/ota/common.py

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Common utilities for OTA update modules"""
 
-import os
 import re
-import shutil
 import zipfile
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
@@ -13,8 +11,9 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from ...common.utils import log_error, log_info, log_success
 
-# Re-export sparkle_sign_file from common module
-from ...common.sparkle import sparkle_sign_file
+# Re-exported so callers (and ota/__init__.py) can get sparkle_sign_file
+# from ota.common alongside the other OTA helpers.
+from ...common.sparkle import sparkle_sign_file as sparkle_sign_file
 
 # Sparkle XML namespace
 SPARKLE_NS = "http://www.andymatuschak.org/xml-namespaces/sparkle"
@@ -76,33 +75,15 @@ class ExistingAppcast:
     artifacts: Dict[str, SignedArtifact]
 
 
-def find_server_binary(binaries_dir: Path, platform: dict) -> Optional[Path]:
-    """Find server binary in either flat or artifact-extracted directory structure.
+def find_server_resources_dir(binaries_dir: Path, platform: dict) -> Optional[Path]:
+    """Return the extracted ``resources/`` dir for a platform, or ``None``.
 
-    Supports two layouts:
-      Flat:     {binaries_dir}/{binary_name}        (e.g., browseros-server-darwin-arm64)
-      Artifact: {binaries_dir}/{target}/resources/bin/browseros_server[.exe]
-
-    Args:
-        binaries_dir: Root directory containing server binaries
-        platform: Platform dict from SERVER_PLATFORMS
-
-    Returns:
-        Path to binary if found, None otherwise
+    ``binaries_dir`` is the temp root created by ``_download_artifacts``; each
+    platform lives at ``<binaries_dir>/<target>/resources/``.
     """
-    # Flat structure (used with --binaries pointing to mono build output)
-    flat_path = binaries_dir / platform["binary"]
-    if flat_path.exists():
-        return flat_path
-
-    # Artifact-extracted structure (used after download_resources)
     target = platform.get("target", platform["name"].replace("_", "-"))
-    bin_name = "browseros_server.exe" if platform["os"] == "windows" else "browseros_server"
-    artifact_path = binaries_dir / target / "resources" / "bin" / bin_name
-    if artifact_path.exists():
-        return artifact_path
-
-    return None
+    resources = binaries_dir / target / "resources"
+    return resources if resources.is_dir() else None
 
 
 def parse_existing_appcast(appcast_path: Path) -> Optional[ExistingAppcast]:
@@ -254,46 +235,31 @@ def generate_server_appcast(
     )
 
 
-def create_server_zip(
-    binary_path: Path,
-    output_zip: Path,
-    is_windows: bool = False,
-) -> bool:
-    """Create zip with proper structure: resources/bin/browseros_server
+def create_server_bundle_zip(resources_dir: Path, output_zip: Path) -> bool:
+    """Zip an extracted ``resources/`` tree into a Sparkle payload.
 
-    Args:
-        binary_path: Path to the binary to package
-        output_zip: Path for output zip file
-        is_windows: Whether this is Windows binary (affects target name)
-
-    Returns:
-        True on success, False on failure
+    Produces entries like ``resources/bin/browseros_server``,
+    ``resources/bin/third_party/podman/podman`` — mirroring what the agent
+    build staged and what the Chromium build bakes into the installed app.
+    File modes are preserved by ``ZipFile.write`` so executable bits survive.
     """
-    staging_dir = output_zip.parent / f"staging_{output_zip.stem}"
+    if not resources_dir.is_dir():
+        log_error(f"Resources dir not found: {resources_dir}")
+        return False
+
+    bundle_root = resources_dir.parent
     try:
-        staging_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        bin_dir = staging_dir / "resources" / "bin"
-        bin_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        target_name = "browseros_server.exe" if is_windows else "browseros_server"
-        shutil.copy2(binary_path, bin_dir / target_name)
-
-        with zipfile.ZipFile(output_zip, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
-            for root, _, files in os.walk(staging_dir):
-                for file in files:
-                    file_path = Path(root) / file
-                    arcname = file_path.relative_to(staging_dir)
-                    zf.write(file_path, arcname)
-
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(output_zip, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
+            for path in sorted(resources_dir.rglob("*")):
+                if not path.is_file():
+                    continue
+                arcname = path.relative_to(bundle_root).as_posix()
+                zf.write(path, arcname)
         log_success(f"Created {output_zip.name}")
         return True
-
     except Exception as e:
-        log_error(f"Failed to create zip: {e}")
+        log_error(f"Failed to create bundle zip: {e}")
         return False
-    finally:
-        if staging_dir.exists():
-            shutil.rmtree(staging_dir)
 
 
 def get_appcast_path(channel: str = "alpha") -> Path:

packages/browseros/build/modules/ota/server.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from ...common.module import CommandModule, ValidationError
 from ...common.context import Context
 from ...common.utils import (
     log_info,
-    log_error,
     log_success,
     log_warning,
     IS_MACOS,
@@ -23,15 +22,14 @@ from .common import (
     sparkle_sign_file,
     generate_server_appcast,
     parse_existing_appcast,
-    create_server_zip,
+    create_server_bundle_zip,
     get_appcast_path,
-    find_server_binary,
+    find_server_resources_dir,
 )
 from .sign_binary import (
-    sign_macos_binary,
-    notarize_macos_binary,
-    sign_windows_binary,
-    get_entitlements_path,
+    notarize_macos_zip,
+    sign_server_bundle_macos,
+    sign_server_bundle_windows,
 )
 from ..storage import get_r2_client, upload_file_to_r2, download_file_from_r2
 from ..storage.download import extract_artifact_zip
@@ -89,11 +87,8 @@ class ServerOTAModule(CommandModule):
             return [p for p in SERVER_PLATFORMS if p["name"] in requested]
         return SERVER_PLATFORMS
 
-    def _download_artifacts(self, ctx: Context) -> Path:
-        """Download server artifact zips from R2 latest/ and extract them."""
-        download_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="ota_artifacts_"))
-        self._download_dir = download_dir
-
+    def _download_artifacts(self, ctx: Context, download_dir: Path) -> None:
+        """Download and extract server artifact zips from R2 into ``download_dir``."""
         r2_client = get_r2_client(ctx.env)
         if not r2_client:
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to create R2 client")
@@ -117,69 +112,85 @@ class ServerOTAModule(CommandModule):
             zip_path.unlink()
 
         log_success(f"Downloaded {len(platforms)} artifact(s)")
-        return download_dir
 
     def execute(self, context: Context) -> None:
         ctx = context
         log_info(f"\n🚀 BrowserOS Server OTA v{self.version} ({self.channel})")
         log_info("=" * 70)
 
-        # Download artifacts from R2
-        binaries_dir = self._download_artifacts(ctx)
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="ota_artifacts_") as dl, \
+             tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="ota_staging_") as st:
+            binaries_dir = Path(dl)
+            temp_dir = Path(st)
+            log_info(f"Temp directory: {temp_dir}")
 
-        platforms = self._get_platforms()
-        temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
-        log_info(f"Temp directory: {temp_dir}")
+            self._download_artifacts(ctx, binaries_dir)
+            signed_artifacts = self._build_platform_artifacts(
+                ctx, binaries_dir, temp_dir
+            )
+            self._finalize_release(ctx, signed_artifacts)
 
+    def _build_platform_artifacts(
+        self, ctx: Context, binaries_dir: Path, temp_dir: Path
+    ) -> List[SignedArtifact]:
+        """Sign + zip + Sparkle-sign each platform; fail fast on any error.
+
+        Any per-platform failure raises ``RuntimeError`` so a broken
+        credential or unregistered binary cannot silently omit a platform
+        from a published release.
+        """
         signed_artifacts: List[SignedArtifact] = []
 
-        for platform in platforms:
+        for platform in self._get_platforms():
             log_info(f"\n📦 Processing {platform['name']}...")
 
-            source_binary = find_server_binary(binaries_dir, platform)
-            if not source_binary:
-                log_warning(f"Binary not found for {platform['name']}, skipping")
-                continue
+            source_resources = find_server_resources_dir(binaries_dir, platform)
+            if not source_resources:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Resources dir not found for {platform['name']}"
+                )
 
-            # Copy binary to temp to preserve original
-            temp_binary = temp_dir / platform["binary"]
-            shutil.copy2(source_binary, temp_binary)
+            staging_resources = temp_dir / platform["name"] / "resources"
+            shutil.copytree(source_resources, staging_resources)
 
-            if not self._sign_binary(temp_binary, platform, ctx):
-                log_warning(f"Skipping {platform['name']} due to signing failure")
-                continue
+            if not self._sign_bundle(staging_resources, platform, ctx):
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Signing failed for {platform['name']}")
 
             zip_name = f"browseros_server_{self.version}_{platform['name']}.zip"
             zip_path = temp_dir / zip_name
-            is_windows = platform["os"] == "windows"
 
-            if not create_server_zip(temp_binary, zip_path, is_windows):
-                log_error(f"Failed to create zip for {platform['name']}")
-                continue
+            if not create_server_bundle_zip(staging_resources, zip_path):
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create bundle for {platform['name']}")
+
+            if platform["os"] == "macos" and IS_MACOS():
+                if not notarize_macos_zip(zip_path, ctx.env):
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Notarization failed for {platform['name']}"
+                    )
 
             log_info(f"Signing {zip_name} with Sparkle...")
             signature, length = sparkle_sign_file(zip_path, ctx.env)
-
             if not signature:
-                log_error(f"Failed to sign zip for {platform['name']}")
-                continue
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Sparkle signing failed for {platform['name']}")
 
             log_success(f"  {platform['name']}: {length} bytes")
-
-            artifact = SignedArtifact(
+            signed_artifacts.append(SignedArtifact(
                 platform=platform["name"],
                 zip_path=zip_path,
                 signature=signature,
                 length=length,
                 os=platform["os"],
                 arch=platform["arch"],
-            )
-            signed_artifacts.append(artifact)
+            ))
 
         if not signed_artifacts:
-            log_error("No artifacts were processed successfully")
-            raise RuntimeError("OTA failed - no artifacts")
+            raise RuntimeError("OTA failed - no artifacts processed")
+        return signed_artifacts
 
+    def _finalize_release(
+        self, ctx: Context, signed_artifacts: List[SignedArtifact]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the appcast, upload every signed zip to R2, and surface URLs."""
         log_info("\n📝 Generating appcast...")
         appcast_path = get_appcast_path(self.channel)
         existing_appcast = parse_existing_appcast(appcast_path)
@@ -219,27 +230,27 @@ class ServerOTAModule(CommandModule):
         log_info(f"\nAppcast saved to: {appcast_path}")
         log_info("\n📋 Next step: Run 'browseros ota server release-appcast' to make the release live")
 
-    def _sign_binary(self, binary_path: Path, platform: dict, ctx: Context) -> bool:
-        """Sign binary based on platform"""
+    def _sign_bundle(
+        self, staging_resources: Path, platform: dict, ctx: Context
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Codesign every binary in the staged resources tree for a platform.
+
+        macOS notarization happens separately, on the outer Sparkle zip.
+        """
         os_type = platform["os"]
 
         if os_type == "macos":
             if not IS_MACOS():
-                log_warning(f"macOS signing requires macOS - skipping {platform['name']}")
+                log_warning(
+                    f"macOS signing requires macOS - leaving {platform['name']} unsigned"
+                )
                 return True
+            return sign_server_bundle_macos(
+                staging_resources, ctx.env, ctx.get_entitlements_dir()
+            )
 
-            entitlements = get_entitlements_path(ctx.root_dir)
-            if not sign_macos_binary(binary_path, ctx.env, entitlements):
-                return False
-
-            log_info("Notarizing...")
-            return notarize_macos_binary(binary_path, ctx.env)
-
-        elif os_type == "windows":
-            return sign_windows_binary(binary_path, ctx.env)
-
-        elif os_type == "linux":
-            log_info(f"No code signing for Linux binaries")
-            return True
+        if os_type == "windows":
+            return sign_server_bundle_windows(staging_resources, ctx.env)
 
+        log_info("No code signing for Linux binaries")
         return True

packages/browseros/build/modules/ota/sign_binary.py

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Platform-specific binary signing for OTA binaries"""
 
+import os
+import shutil
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 from ...common.env import EnvConfig
+from ...common.server_binaries import (
+    expected_windows_binary_paths,
+    macos_sign_spec_for,
+)
 from ...common.utils import (
     log_info,
     log_error,
@@ -21,16 +27,17 @@ def sign_macos_binary(
     binary_path: Path,
     env: Optional[EnvConfig] = None,
     entitlements_path: Optional[Path] = None,
+    *,
+    identifier: Optional[str] = None,
+    options: str = "runtime",
 ) -> bool:
-    """Sign a macOS binary with codesign
+    """Sign a macOS binary with codesign.
 
-    Args:
-        binary_path: Path to binary to sign
-        env: Environment config with certificate name
-        entitlements_path: Optional path to entitlements plist
-
-    Returns:
-        True on success, False on failure
+    ``identifier`` defaults to ``com.browseros.<stem>`` to preserve the
+    previous single-binary signature shape. Callers that have a shared sign
+    table (see ``common/server_binaries.py``) should pass identifier and
+    options derived from that table so OTA-signed and Chromium-build-signed
+    binaries share the same code identifier.
     """
     if not IS_MACOS():
         log_error("macOS signing requires macOS")
@@ -46,13 +53,14 @@ def sign_macos_binary(
 
     log_info(f"Signing {binary_path.name}...")
 
+    resolved_identifier = identifier or f"com.browseros.{binary_path.stem}"
     cmd = [
         "codesign",
         "--sign", certificate_name,
         "--force",
         "--timestamp",
-        "--identifier", f"com.browseros.{binary_path.stem}",
-        "--options", "runtime",
+        "--identifier", resolved_identifier,
+        "--options", options,
     ]
 
     if entitlements_path and entitlements_path.exists():
@@ -91,48 +99,91 @@ def verify_macos_signature(binary_path: Path) -> bool:
         return False
 
 
+def _resolve_notarization_credentials(
+    env: Optional[EnvConfig],
+) -> Optional[EnvConfig]:
+    if env is None:
+        env = EnvConfig()
+
+    missing: List[str] = []
+    if not env.macos_notarization_apple_id:
+        missing.append("PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_APPLE_ID")
+    if not env.macos_notarization_team_id:
+        missing.append("PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_TEAM_ID")
+    if not env.macos_notarization_password:
+        missing.append("PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_PWD")
+    if missing:
+        log_error("Missing notarization credentials:")
+        for name in missing:
+            log_error(f"  {name} not set")
+        return None
+    return env
+
+
+def _submit_notarization(submission_path: Path, env: EnvConfig) -> bool:
+    assert env.macos_notarization_apple_id is not None
+    assert env.macos_notarization_team_id is not None
+    assert env.macos_notarization_password is not None
+
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "xcrun", "notarytool", "store-credentials", "notarytool-profile",
+            "--apple-id", env.macos_notarization_apple_id,
+            "--team-id", env.macos_notarization_team_id,
+            "--password", env.macos_notarization_password,
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+
+    log_info("Submitting for notarization (this may take a while)...")
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "xcrun", "notarytool", "submit", str(submission_path),
+            "--keychain-profile", "notarytool-profile",
+            "--wait",
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=False,
+    )
+
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        log_error(f"Notarization failed: {result.stderr}")
+        log_error(result.stdout)
+        return False
+
+    if "status: Accepted" not in result.stdout:
+        log_error("Notarization was not accepted")
+        log_error(result.stdout)
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
 def notarize_macos_binary(
     binary_path: Path,
     env: Optional[EnvConfig] = None,
 ) -> bool:
-    """Notarize a macOS binary with Apple
+    """Notarize a single macOS binary with Apple.
 
-    The binary must be zipped for notarization submission.
-
-    Args:
-        binary_path: Path to binary to notarize (will be zipped internally)
-        env: Environment config with notarization credentials
-
-    Returns:
-        True on success, False on failure
+    The binary is first wrapped in a zip via ``ditto --keepParent`` because
+    ``notarytool`` does not accept bare executables. For an already-zipped
+    Sparkle bundle, call :func:`notarize_macos_zip` instead — double-wrapping
+    nests zips and notarytool does not descend into nested archives.
     """
     if not IS_MACOS():
         log_error("macOS notarization requires macOS")
         return False
 
+    env = _resolve_notarization_credentials(env)
     if env is None:
-        env = EnvConfig()
-
-    apple_id = env.macos_notarization_apple_id
-    team_id = env.macos_notarization_team_id
-    password = env.macos_notarization_password
-
-    if not all([apple_id, team_id, password]):
-        log_error("Missing notarization credentials:")
-        if not apple_id:
-            log_error("  PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_APPLE_ID not set")
-        if not team_id:
-            log_error("  PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_TEAM_ID not set")
-        if not password:
-            log_error("  PROD_MACOS_NOTARIZATION_PWD not set")
         return False
 
     log_info(f"Notarizing {binary_path.name}...")
-
-    notarize_zip = None
+    notarize_zip: Optional[Path] = None
     try:
         fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".zip")
-        import os
         os.close(fd)
         notarize_zip = Path(tmp_path)
 
@@ -146,41 +197,7 @@ def notarize_macos_binary(
             log_error(f"Failed to create zip: {result.stderr}")
             return False
 
-        assert apple_id is not None
-        assert team_id is not None
-        assert password is not None
-        subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "xcrun", "notarytool", "store-credentials", "notarytool-profile",
-                "--apple-id", apple_id,
-                "--team-id", team_id,
-                "--password", password,
-            ],
-            capture_output=True,
-            text=True,
-            check=False,
-        )
-
-        log_info("Submitting for notarization (this may take a while)...")
-        result = subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "xcrun", "notarytool", "submit", str(notarize_zip),
-                "--keychain-profile", "notarytool-profile",
-                "--wait",
-            ],
-            capture_output=True,
-            text=True,
-            check=False,
-        )
-
-        if result.returncode != 0:
-            log_error(f"Notarization failed: {result.stderr}")
-            log_error(result.stdout)
-            return False
-
-        if "status: Accepted" not in result.stdout:
-            log_error("Notarization was not accepted")
-            log_error(result.stdout)
+        if not _submit_notarization(notarize_zip, env):
             return False
 
         log_success(f"Notarized {binary_path.name}")
@@ -194,6 +211,33 @@ def notarize_macos_binary(
             notarize_zip.unlink()
 
 
+def notarize_macos_zip(zip_path: Path, env: Optional[EnvConfig] = None) -> bool:
+    """Notarize a pre-built Sparkle bundle zip by submitting it directly.
+
+    ``notarytool`` accepts ``.zip`` submissions and recursively scans the
+    Mach-O binaries inside. No extra wrapping — passing this zip through
+    ``ditto --keepParent`` would nest zips and Apple's service would not
+    descend into the inner archive.
+    """
+    if not IS_MACOS():
+        log_error("macOS notarization requires macOS")
+        return False
+
+    env = _resolve_notarization_credentials(env)
+    if env is None:
+        return False
+
+    log_info(f"Notarizing {zip_path.name}...")
+    try:
+        if not _submit_notarization(zip_path, env):
+            return False
+        log_success(f"Notarized {zip_path.name}")
+        return True
+    except Exception as e:
+        log_error(f"Notarization failed: {e}")
+        return False
+
+
 def sign_windows_binary(
     binary_path: Path,
     env: Optional[EnvConfig] = None,
@@ -264,7 +308,6 @@ def sign_windows_binary(
 
         signed_file = temp_output_dir / binary_path.name
         if signed_file.exists():
-            import shutil
             shutil.move(str(signed_file), str(binary_path))
 
         try:
@@ -294,15 +337,81 @@ def sign_windows_binary(
         return False
 
 
-def get_entitlements_path(root_dir: Path) -> Optional[Path]:
-    """Get path to server binary entitlements file"""
-    candidates = [
-        root_dir / "resources" / "entitlements" / "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist",
-        root_dir / "packages" / "browseros" / "resources" / "entitlements" / "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist",
+def sign_server_bundle_macos(
+    resources_dir: Path,
+    env: EnvConfig,
+    entitlements_root: Path,
+) -> bool:
+    """Codesign every known binary under ``resources_dir/bin/**``.
+
+    Unknown executables are a hard error: every regular file under
+    ``resources/bin/`` must have an entry in ``MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES``.
+    This prevents silently shipping an unsigned binary when a new
+    third-party dep is added to the agent build without being registered
+    in the shared sign table. The unknown-file check runs before any
+    codesign call so a bad release fails in seconds rather than after
+    several minutes of signing.
+    """
+    bin_dir = resources_dir / "bin"
+    if not bin_dir.is_dir():
+        log_error(f"bin dir not found: {bin_dir}")
+        return False
+
+    # Only Mach-O-style executables need signing; any future data/config file
+    # shipped under resources/bin/ (plists, shell completion, etc.) is not a
+    # codesign target and must not trigger the unknown-binary guard.
+    executables = [
+        p
+        for p in sorted(bin_dir.rglob("*"))
+        if p.is_file() and not p.is_symlink() and os.access(p, os.X_OK)
     ]
+    unknowns = [p for p in executables if macos_sign_spec_for(p) is None]
+    if unknowns:
+        log_error(
+            "Unknown executables found under resources/bin/ not registered in "
+            "MACOS_SERVER_BINARIES (see build/common/server_binaries.py):"
+        )
+        for path in unknowns:
+            log_error(f"  - {path.relative_to(resources_dir)}")
+        return False
 
-    for candidate in candidates:
-        if candidate.exists():
-            return candidate
+    for path in executables:
+        spec = macos_sign_spec_for(path)
+        assert spec is not None  # unknowns filtered above
 
-    return None
+        entitlements_path: Optional[Path] = None
+        if spec.entitlements:
+            entitlements_path = entitlements_root / spec.entitlements
+            if not entitlements_path.exists():
+                log_error(
+                    f"Missing entitlements for {path.name}: {entitlements_path}"
+                )
+                return False
+
+        if not sign_macos_binary(
+            path,
+            env,
+            entitlements_path,
+            identifier=f"com.browseros.{spec.identifier_suffix}",
+            options=spec.options,
+        ):
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def sign_server_bundle_windows(resources_dir: Path, env: EnvConfig) -> bool:
+    """Sign each Windows binary enumerated in ``WINDOWS_SERVER_BINARIES``.
+
+    A missing expected binary is a hard error: publishing an incomplete
+    Windows bundle would ship a broken OTA update without a pipeline signal.
+    Symmetric with the macOS bundle's unknown-file guard.
+    """
+    bin_dir = resources_dir / "bin"
+    for path in expected_windows_binary_paths(bin_dir):
+        if not path.exists():
+            log_error(f"Windows binary missing (cannot sign): {path}")
+            return False
+        if not sign_windows_binary(path, env):
+            return False
+    return True

packages/browseros/build/modules/sign/macos.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Tuple
 from ...common.module import CommandModule, ValidationError
 from ...common.context import Context
 from ...common.env import EnvConfig
+from ...common.server_binaries import macos_sign_spec_for
 from ...common.utils import (
     run_command as utils_run_command,
     log_info,
@@ -20,49 +21,19 @@ from ...common.utils import (
     join_paths,
 )
 
-# Central list of BrowserOS Server binaries we need to sign explicitly.
-# Each entry controls identifiers, signing options, and entitlement files so
-# adding a new binary is a one-line update here rather than scattered changes.
-BROWSEROS_SERVER_BINARIES: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = {
-    "browseros_server": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "browseros_server",
-        "options": "runtime",
-        "entitlements": "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist",
-    },
-    "bun": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "bun",
-        "options": "runtime",
-        "entitlements": "browseros-executable-entitlements.plist",
-    },
-    "podman": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "podman",
-        "options": "runtime",
-    },
-    "gvproxy": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "gvproxy",
-        "options": "runtime",
-    },
-    "vfkit": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "vfkit",
-        "options": "runtime",
-        "entitlements": "podman-vfkit-entitlements.plist",
-    },
-    "krunkit": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "krunkit",
-        "options": "runtime",
-        "entitlements": "podman-krunkit-entitlements.plist",
-    },
-    "podman-mac-helper": {
-        "identifier_suffix": "podman_mac_helper",
-        "options": "runtime",
-    },
-}
-
 
 def get_browseros_server_binary_info(component_path: Path) -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
     """Return metadata for known BrowserOS Server binaries, if applicable."""
-    name = component_path.stem.lower()
-    return BROWSEROS_SERVER_BINARIES.get(name)
+    spec = macos_sign_spec_for(component_path)
+    if spec is None:
+        return None
+    info: Dict[str, str] = {
+        "identifier_suffix": spec.identifier_suffix,
+        "options": spec.options,
+    }
+    if spec.entitlements:
+        info["entitlements"] = spec.entitlements
+    return info
 
 
 def run_command(

packages/browseros/build/modules/sign/windows.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 from ...common.module import CommandModule, ValidationError
 from ...common.context import Context
 from ...common.env import EnvConfig
+from ...common.server_binaries import expected_windows_binary_paths
 from ...common.utils import (
     log_info,
     log_error,
@@ -16,15 +17,6 @@ from ...common.utils import (
     IS_WINDOWS,
 )
 
-BROWSEROS_SERVER_BINARIES: List[str] = [
-    "browseros_server.exe",
-    "third_party/bun.exe",
-    "third_party/rg.exe",
-    "third_party/podman/podman.exe",
-    "third_party/podman/gvproxy.exe",
-    "third_party/podman/win-sshproxy.exe",
-]
-
 
 class WindowsSignModule(CommandModule):
     produces = ["signed_installer"]
@@ -105,7 +97,7 @@ class WindowsSignModule(CommandModule):
 def get_browseros_server_binary_paths(build_output_dir: Path) -> List[Path]:
     """Return absolute paths to BrowserOS Server binaries for signing."""
     server_dir = build_output_dir / "BrowserOSServer" / "default" / "resources" / "bin"
-    return [server_dir / Path(binary) for binary in BROWSEROS_SERVER_BINARIES]
+    return expected_windows_binary_paths(server_dir)
 
 
 def build_mini_installer(ctx: Context) -> bool:

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.cc

@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 diff --git a/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.cc b/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.cc
-index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
+index 30bd52d09c3fc..66746cef3fe0e 100644
 --- a/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.cc
 +++ b/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.cc
-@@ -4,23 +4,37 @@
- 
- #include "chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h"
- 
-+#include <algorithm>
- #include <set>
+@@ -8,19 +8,32 @@
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "base/functional/bind.h"
@@ -40,29 +35,40 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
  #include "content/public/browser/browser_task_traits.h"
  #include "content/public/browser/browser_thread.h"
  #include "content/public/browser/devtools_agent_host.h"
-@@ -30,10 +44,21 @@
+@@ -30,10 +43,32 @@
  #include "ui/gfx/image/image.h"
  #include "ui/gfx/image/image_png_rep.h"
  
-+#if BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC)
-+#include "chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler_mac.h"
++#if BUILDFLAG(IS_LINUX)
++#include <string_view>
++#include "ui/ozone/platform_selection.h"
 +#endif
 +
  using protocol::Response;
  
  namespace {
  
-+#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC)
-+// Off-screen position used to hide windows while keeping their compositors
-+// active. This enables CDP operations like Page.captureScreenshot on hidden
-+// windows. Uses cross-platform ui::BaseWindow::SetBounds/ShowInactive APIs.
-+constexpr int kOffScreenPosition = -32000;
++// Hidden windows are realized without OS-visible presence via per-platform
++// widget plumbing (see Widget::InitParams::headless). Wayland and ChromeOS
++// don't yet have that plumbing; reject hidden-window CDP requests on those
++// platforms until it lands.
++bool HiddenWindowsSupportedOnThisPlatform() {
++#if BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC) || BUILDFLAG(IS_WIN)
++  return true;
++#elif BUILDFLAG(IS_LINUX)
++  // IS_LINUX covers both X11 and Wayland — the Ozone platform is chosen at
++  // runtime. Only X11Window has the headless plumbing; Wayland would still
++  // surface the window to the compositor.
++  return std::string_view(ui::GetOzonePlatformName()) == "x11";
++#else
++  return false;
 +#endif
++}
 +
  BrowserWindow* GetBrowserWindow(int window_id) {
    BrowserWindow* result = nullptr;
    ForEachCurrentBrowserWindowInterfaceOrderedByActivation(
-@@ -72,17 +97,419 @@ std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::Bounds> GetBrowserWindowBounds(
+@@ -72,12 +107,394 @@ std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::Bounds> GetBrowserWindowBounds(
        .Build();
  }
  
@@ -215,7 +221,6 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +
 +Response ResolveTabIdentifier(std::optional<std::string> target_id,
 +                              std::optional<int> tab_id,
-+                              const base::flat_set<int>& hidden_window_ids,
 +                              TabLookupResult* result) {
 +  if (target_id.has_value() && tab_id.has_value()) {
 +    return Response::InvalidParams(
@@ -254,8 +259,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    result->web_contents = wc;
 +    result->bwi = found_bwi;
 +    result->tab_index = found_index;
-+    result->is_hidden =
-+        hidden_window_ids.contains(found_bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++    result->is_hidden = found_bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +    return Response::Success();
 +  }
 +
@@ -288,8 +292,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  result->web_contents = found_wc;
 +  result->bwi = found_bwi;
 +  result->tab_index = found_index;
-+  result->is_hidden =
-+      hidden_window_ids.contains(found_bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++  result->is_hidden = found_bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +  return Response::Success();
 +}
 +
@@ -442,10 +445,9 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    out_indices->push_back(found_index);
 +  }
 +
-+  if (!(*out_bwi)->GetTabStripModel()->SupportsTabGroups()) {
-+    return Response::ServerError("Tab grouping not supported for this window");
-+  }
-+
++  // TabStripModel::AddTo{New,Existing}Group require sorted, duplicate-free
++  // indices (CHECK'd in release). Normalize here so any caller layout is
++  // safe — caller order isn't preserved by the tab-group insertion anyway.
 +  std::ranges::sort(*out_indices);
 +  out_indices->erase(std::ranges::unique(*out_indices).begin(),
 +                     out_indices->end());
@@ -462,29 +464,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
    if (dispatcher)
      protocol::Browser::Dispatcher::wire(dispatcher, this);
  }
- 
--BrowserHandler::~BrowserHandler() = default;
-+BrowserHandler::~BrowserHandler() {
-+  // Close per-profile hidden windows so they don't become orphaned invisible
-+  // windows. Verify each still exists via GetBrowserWindowInterface before
-+  // touching it — during browser shutdown they may already be gone.
-+  for (auto& [profile, browser] : hidden_window_per_profile_) {
-+    if (!browser)
-+      continue;
-+    BrowserWindowInterface* bwi =
-+        GetBrowserWindowInterface(browser->session_id().id());
-+    if (bwi) {
-+      bwi->GetTabStripModel()->CloseAllTabs();
-+      bwi->GetWindow()->Close();
-+    }
-+  }
-+  hidden_window_per_profile_.clear();
-+  hidden_window_ids_.clear();
-+}
- 
- Response BrowserHandler::GetWindowForTarget(
-     std::optional<std::string> target_id,
-@@ -120,6 +547,65 @@ Response BrowserHandler::GetWindowForTarget(
+@@ -120,6 +537,65 @@ Response BrowserHandler::GetWindowForTarget(
    return Response::Success();
  }
  
@@ -550,7 +530,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
  Response BrowserHandler::GetWindowBounds(
      int window_id,
      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::Bounds>* out_bounds) {
-@@ -297,3 +783,909 @@ protocol::Response BrowserHandler::AddPrivacySandboxEnrollmentOverride(
+@@ -297,3 +773,749 @@ protocol::Response BrowserHandler::AddPrivacySandboxEnrollmentOverride(
        net::SchemefulSite(url_to_add));
    return Response::Success();
  }
@@ -565,7 +545,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  ForEachCurrentBrowserWindowInterfaceOrderedByActivation(
 +      [&](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
 +        bool is_hidden =
-+            IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++            bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +        windows->push_back(BuildWindowInfo(bwi, is_hidden));
 +        return true;
 +      });
@@ -578,7 +558,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  BrowserWindowInterface* bwi =
 +      GetLastActiveBrowserWindowInterfaceWithAnyProfile();
 +  if (bwi) {
-+    bool is_hidden = IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++    bool is_hidden = bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +    *out_window = BuildWindowInfo(bwi, is_hidden);
 +  }
 +  return Response::Success();
@@ -606,7 +586,15 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    type = ParseWindowType(window_type.value());
 +  }
 +
++  const bool want_hidden = hidden.value_or(false);
++  if (want_hidden && !HiddenWindowsSupportedOnThisPlatform()) {
++    return Response::ServerError(
++        "Hidden windows are not yet supported on this platform. "
++        "Use X11 (XDG_SESSION_TYPE=x11), macOS, or Windows.");
++  }
++
 +  Browser::CreateParams params(type, profile, true);
++  params.hidden = want_hidden;
 +  if (bounds) {
 +    params.initial_bounds =
 +        gfx::Rect(bounds->GetLeft(0), bounds->GetTop(0),
@@ -618,11 +606,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  GURL navigate_url = url.has_value() ? GURL(url.value()) : GURL();
 +  chrome::AddTabAt(browser, navigate_url, -1, true);
 +
-+  if (hidden.value_or(false)) {
-+    MakeWindowHidden(browser);
-+  } else {
-+    browser->window()->Show();
-+  }
++  browser->window()->Show();
 +
 +  BrowserWindowInterface* bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(
 +      browser->session_id().id());
@@ -639,16 +623,6 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  if (!bwi) {
 +    return Response::ServerError("Browser window not found");
 +  }
-+  hidden_window_ids_.erase(window_id);
-+  // Clean up hidden_window_per_profile_ if this was a hidden window.
-+  Browser* browser = bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly();
-+  for (auto it = hidden_window_per_profile_.begin();
-+       it != hidden_window_per_profile_.end(); ++it) {
-+    if (it->second == browser) {
-+      hidden_window_per_profile_.erase(it);
-+      break;
-+    }
-+  }
 +  bwi->GetTabStripModel()->CloseAllTabs();
 +  bwi->GetWindow()->Close();
 +  return Response::Success();
@@ -663,28 +637,6 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  return Response::Success();
 +}
 +
-+Response BrowserHandler::ShowWindow(int window_id) {
-+  BrowserWindowInterface* bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(window_id);
-+  if (!bwi) {
-+    return Response::ServerError("Browser window not found");
-+  }
-+  if (IsHiddenWindow(window_id)) {
-+    MakeWindowVisible(bwi);
-+  }
-+  bwi->GetWindow()->Show();
-+  return Response::Success();
-+}
-+
-+Response BrowserHandler::HideWindow(int window_id) {
-+  BrowserWindowInterface* bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(window_id);
-+  if (!bwi) {
-+    return Response::ServerError("Browser window not found");
-+  }
-+  Browser* browser = bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly();
-+  MakeWindowHidden(browser);
-+  return Response::Success();
-+}
-+
 +// --- Tab Management ---
 +
 +Response BrowserHandler::GetTabs(
@@ -700,7 +652,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    if (!bwi) {
 +      return Response::ServerError("Browser window not found");
 +    }
-+    bool is_hidden = IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++    bool is_hidden = bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +    TabStripModel* tab_strip = bwi->GetTabStripModel();
 +    for (int i = 0; i < tab_strip->count(); ++i) {
 +      tabs->push_back(
@@ -708,9 +660,9 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    }
 +  } else {
 +    ForEachCurrentBrowserWindowInterfaceOrderedByActivation(
-+        [&tabs, this](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
++        [&tabs](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
 +          bool is_hidden =
-+              IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id());
++              bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden();
 +          if (is_hidden) {
 +            return true;
 +          }
@@ -725,8 +677,8 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +
 +  if (include_hidden.value_or(false) && !window_id.has_value()) {
 +    ForEachCurrentBrowserWindowInterfaceOrderedByActivation(
-+        [&tabs, this](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
-+          if (!IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id())) {
++        [&tabs](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
++          if (!bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden()) {
 +            return true;
 +          }
 +          TabStripModel* tab_strip = bwi->GetTabStripModel();
@@ -772,7 +724,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -787,48 +739,12 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::optional<int> index,
 +    std::optional<bool> background,
 +    std::optional<bool> pinned,
-+    std::optional<bool> hidden,
 +    std::optional<std::string> browser_context_id,
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
-+  bool is_hidden = hidden.value_or(false);
-+
-+  if (is_hidden) {
-+    if (pinned.value_or(false)) {
-+      return Response::InvalidParams("Cannot pin a hidden tab");
-+    }
-+
-+    Profile* profile = nullptr;
-+    BrowserWindowInterface* last_active =
-+        GetLastActiveBrowserWindowInterfaceWithAnyProfile();
-+    if (last_active) {
-+      profile = last_active->GetProfile();
-+    }
-+    if (!profile) {
-+      return Response::ServerError("No profile available");
-+    }
-+
-+    Browser* hidden_browser = GetOrCreateHiddenWindow(profile);
-+    if (!hidden_browser) {
-+      return Response::ServerError("Failed to create hidden window for tab");
-+    }
-+
-+    GURL navigate_url = url.has_value() ? GURL(url.value()) : GURL();
-+    chrome::AddTabAt(hidden_browser, navigate_url, -1, false);
-+
-+    TabStripModel* tab_strip = hidden_browser->tab_strip_model();
-+    int new_index = tab_strip->count() - 1;
-+    content::WebContents* wc = tab_strip->GetWebContentsAt(new_index);
-+    if (!wc) {
-+      return Response::ServerError("Failed to create hidden tab");
-+    }
-+
-+    BrowserWindowInterface* bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(
-+        hidden_browser->session_id().id());
-+    *out_tab = BuildTabInfo(wc, bwi, new_index, true);
-+    return Response::Success();
-+  }
-+
-+  // Normal (visible) tab creation.
++  // Tab visibility is derived from its window (a tab in a hidden window is
++  // hidden; otherwise visible). Callers that need a hidden workspace must
++  // createWindow(hidden=true) first, then createTab with the returned
++  // windowId.
 +  BrowserWindowInterface* bwi = nullptr;
 +  if (window_id.has_value()) {
 +    bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(window_id.value());
@@ -868,7 +784,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +                                  std::optional<int> tab_id) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -882,7 +798,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +                                     std::optional<int> tab_id) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -904,7 +820,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -963,7 +879,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -990,7 +906,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -1011,7 +927,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -1035,7 +951,7 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
 +  TabLookupResult lookup;
 +  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
++                                           &lookup);
 +  if (!response.IsSuccess())
 +    return response;
 +
@@ -1064,8 +980,8 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  } else {
 +    // Find last active non-hidden window.
 +    ForEachCurrentBrowserWindowInterfaceOrderedByActivation(
-+        [this, &target_bwi](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
-+          if (!IsHiddenWindow(bwi->GetSessionID().id())) {
++        [&target_bwi](BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
++          if (!bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden()) {
 +            target_bwi = bwi;
 +            return false;
 +          }
@@ -1103,45 +1019,6 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  return Response::Success();
 +}
 +
-+Response BrowserHandler::HideTab(
-+    std::optional<std::string> target_id,
-+    std::optional<int> tab_id,
-+    std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) {
-+  TabLookupResult lookup;
-+  Response response = ResolveTabIdentifier(target_id, tab_id,
-+                                           hidden_window_ids_, &lookup);
-+  if (!response.IsSuccess())
-+    return response;
-+
-+  if (lookup.is_hidden) {
-+    return Response::InvalidParams("Tab is already hidden");
-+  }
-+
-+  // Detach from visible window.
-+  TabStripModel* source_strip = lookup.bwi->GetTabStripModel();
-+  std::unique_ptr<content::WebContents> detached =
-+      source_strip->DetachWebContentsAtForInsertion(lookup.tab_index);
-+  if (!detached) {
-+    return Response::ServerError("Failed to detach tab");
-+  }
-+
-+  // Insert into hidden window.
-+  Profile* profile =
-+      Profile::FromBrowserContext(detached->GetBrowserContext());
-+  Browser* hidden_browser = GetOrCreateHiddenWindow(profile);
-+
-+  content::WebContents* raw_wc = detached.get();
-+  hidden_browser->tab_strip_model()->InsertWebContentsAt(
-+      -1, std::move(detached), AddTabTypes::ADD_NONE);
-+
-+  BrowserWindowInterface* hidden_bwi = GetBrowserWindowInterface(
-+      hidden_browser->session_id().id());
-+  int new_index =
-+      hidden_browser->tab_strip_model()->GetIndexOfWebContents(raw_wc);
-+  *out_tab = BuildTabInfo(raw_wc, hidden_bwi, new_index, true);
-+  return Response::Success();
-+}
-+
 +// --- Tab Group Management ---
 +
 +Response BrowserHandler::GetTabGroups(
@@ -1403,60 +1280,3 @@ index 30bd52d09c3fc..dd9ef4e3b7cbb 100644
 +  return Response::Success();
 +}
 +
-+// --- Hidden Window Helpers ---
-+
-+Browser* BrowserHandler::GetOrCreateHiddenWindow(Profile* profile) {
-+  auto it = hidden_window_per_profile_.find(profile);
-+  if (it != hidden_window_per_profile_.end()) {
-+    return it->second;
-+  }
-+
-+  Browser::CreateParams params(Browser::TYPE_NORMAL, profile, true);
-+  Browser* browser = Browser::Create(params);
-+
-+  // Add a blank tab so ShowInactive has content to composite.
-+  chrome::AddTabAt(browser, GURL(), -1, false);
-+  MakeWindowHidden(browser);
-+
-+  hidden_window_per_profile_[profile] = browser;
-+  return browser;
-+}
-+
-+void BrowserHandler::MakeWindowHidden(Browser* browser) {
-+#if BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC)
-+  SetWindowHeadless(browser->window(), true);
-+  browser->window()->ShowInactive();
-+#else
-+  gfx::Rect offscreen_bounds = browser->window()->GetBounds();
-+  offscreen_bounds.set_origin(
-+      gfx::Point(kOffScreenPosition, kOffScreenPosition));
-+  browser->window()->SetBounds(offscreen_bounds);
-+  browser->window()->ShowInactive();
-+#endif
-+  hidden_window_ids_.insert(browser->session_id().id());
-+}
-+
-+void BrowserHandler::MakeWindowVisible(BrowserWindowInterface* bwi) {
-+  Browser* browser = bwi->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly();
-+#if BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC)
-+  SetWindowHeadless(browser->window(), false);
-+#else
-+  gfx::Rect bounds = bwi->GetWindow()->GetBounds();
-+  bounds.set_origin(gfx::Point(100, 100));
-+  bwi->GetWindow()->SetBounds(bounds);
-+#endif
-+  hidden_window_ids_.erase(bwi->GetSessionID().id());
-+  // Remove from per-profile cache so GetOrCreateHiddenWindow will lazily
-+  // create a new hidden window for future hidden tab operations.
-+  for (auto it = hidden_window_per_profile_.begin();
-+       it != hidden_window_per_profile_.end(); ++it) {
-+    if (it->second == browser) {
-+      hidden_window_per_profile_.erase(it);
-+      break;
-+    }
-+  }
-+}
-+
-+bool BrowserHandler::IsHiddenWindow(int window_id) const {
-+  return hidden_window_ids_.contains(window_id);
-+}

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 diff --git a/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h b/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h
-index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
+index e1424aa52cbf6..412380c066d63 100644
 --- a/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h
 +++ b/chrome/browser/devtools/protocol/browser_handler.h
 @@ -5,9 +5,17 @@
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
    protocol::Response GetWindowBounds(
        int window_id,
        std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::Bounds>* out_bounds) override;
-@@ -41,9 +57,118 @@ class BrowserHandler : public protocol::Browser::Backend {
+@@ -41,6 +57,101 @@ class BrowserHandler : public protocol::Browser::Backend {
    protocol::Response AddPrivacySandboxEnrollmentOverride(
        const std::string& in_url) override;
  
@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@ index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
 +      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::WindowInfo>* out_window) override;
 +  protocol::Response CloseWindow(int window_id) override;
 +  protocol::Response ActivateWindow(int window_id) override;
-+  protocol::Response ShowWindow(int window_id) override;
-+  protocol::Response HideWindow(int window_id) override;
 +
 +  // Tab management
 +  protocol::Response GetTabs(
@@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
 +      std::optional<int> index,
 +      std::optional<bool> background,
 +      std::optional<bool> pinned,
-+      std::optional<bool> hidden,
 +      std::optional<std::string> browser_context_id,
 +      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) override;
 +  protocol::Response CloseTab(std::optional<std::string> target_id,
@@ -108,10 +105,6 @@ index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
 +      std::optional<int> index,
 +      std::optional<bool> activate,
 +      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) override;
-+  protocol::Response HideTab(
-+      std::optional<std::string> target_id,
-+      std::optional<int> tab_id,
-+      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabInfo>* out_tab) override;
 +
 +  // Tab group management
 +  protocol::Response GetTabGroups(
@@ -142,15 +135,5 @@ index e1424aa52cbf6..ffd1c86c5aed9 100644
 +      std::unique_ptr<protocol::Browser::TabGroupInfo>* out_group) override;
 +
   private:
-+  Browser* GetOrCreateHiddenWindow(Profile* profile);
-+  void MakeWindowHidden(Browser* browser);
-+  void MakeWindowVisible(BrowserWindowInterface* bwi);
-+  bool IsHiddenWindow(int window_id) const;
-+
    base::flat_set<std::string> contexts_with_overridden_permissions_;
    std::string target_id_;
-+  base::flat_set<int> hidden_window_ids_;
-+  base::flat_map<raw_ptr<Profile>, raw_ptr<Browser>> hidden_window_per_profile_;
- };
- 
- #endif  // CHROME_BROWSER_DEVTOOLS_PROTOCOL_BROWSER_HANDLER_H_

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/sessions/session_service_base.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/sessions/session_service_base.cc b/chrome/browser/sessions/session_service_base.cc
+index c4a1664d393c9..263ae4511c8f2 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/sessions/session_service_base.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/sessions/session_service_base.cc
+@@ -819,6 +819,11 @@ bool SessionServiceBase::ShouldTrackBrowser(
+     return false;
+   }
+ 
++  // Hidden Browsers are ephemeral agent workspaces; never persist them.
++  if (browser->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden()) {
++    return false;
++  }
++
+   // Never track app popup windows that do not have a trusted source (i.e.
+   // popup windows spawned by an app). If this logic changes, be sure to also
+   // change SessionRestoreImpl::CreateRestoredBrowser().

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser.cc

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/browser.cc
-index ca32d6faace3a..459c9597ea6f8 100644
+index ca32d6faace3a..b809394eb8b71 100644
 --- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser.cc
 +++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser.cc
 @@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
@@ -10,7 +10,77 @@ index ca32d6faace3a..459c9597ea6f8 100644
  #include "chrome/browser/buildflags.h"
  #include "chrome/browser/content_settings/host_content_settings_map_factory.h"
  #include "chrome/browser/content_settings/mixed_content_settings_tab_helper.h"
-@@ -2298,6 +2299,11 @@ bool Browser::ShouldFocusLocationBarByDefault(WebContents* source) {
+@@ -584,6 +585,7 @@ Browser::Browser(const CreateParams& params)
+       is_trusted_source_(params.trusted_source),
+       session_id_(SessionID::NewUnique()),
+       omit_from_session_restore_(params.omit_from_session_restore),
++      is_hidden_(params.hidden),
+       should_trigger_session_restore_(params.should_trigger_session_restore),
+       cancel_download_confirmation_state_(
+           CancelDownloadConfirmationState::kNotPrompted),
+@@ -672,6 +674,10 @@ Browser::Browser(const CreateParams& params)
+ }
+ 
+ Browser::~Browser() {
++  // Release capturer-count pins early so renderers see Visibility updates
++  // before WebContents is torn down.
++  hidden_tab_pins_.clear();
++
+   if (!is_delete_scheduled_) {
+     // Guarantee the Browser has performed the necessary cleanup in the
+     // `OnWindowClosing()` lifecycle hook. This may not be invoked during
+@@ -1562,6 +1568,19 @@ WebContents* Browser::OpenURL(
+ ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ // Browser, TabStripModelObserver implementation:
+ 
++void Browser::PinHiddenTabVisibility(content::WebContents* web_contents) {
++  if (!web_contents || hidden_tab_pins_.contains(web_contents)) {
++    return;
++  }
++  hidden_tab_pins_[web_contents] = web_contents->IncrementCapturerCount(
++      gfx::Size(), /*stay_hidden=*/false, /*stay_awake=*/true,
++      /*is_activity=*/true);
++}
++
++void Browser::UnpinHiddenTabVisibility(content::WebContents* web_contents) {
++  hidden_tab_pins_.erase(web_contents);
++}
++
+ void Browser::OnTabStripModelChanged(TabStripModel* tab_strip_model,
+                                      const TabStripModelChange& change,
+                                      const TabStripSelectionChange& selection) {
+@@ -1579,6 +1598,9 @@ void Browser::OnTabStripModelChanged(TabStripModel* tab_strip_model,
+       }
+       for (const auto& contents : change.GetInsert()->contents) {
+         OnTabInsertedAt(contents.contents, contents.index);
++        if (is_hidden_) {
++          PinHiddenTabVisibility(contents.contents);
++        }
+       }
+       break;
+     }
+@@ -1589,6 +1611,9 @@ void Browser::OnTabStripModelChanged(TabStripModel* tab_strip_model,
+         }
+         OnTabDetached(contents.contents,
+                       contents.contents == selection.old_contents);
++        if (is_hidden_) {
++          UnpinHiddenTabVisibility(contents.contents);
++        }
+       }
+       break;
+     }
+@@ -1601,6 +1626,10 @@ void Browser::OnTabStripModelChanged(TabStripModel* tab_strip_model,
+       auto* replace = change.GetReplace();
+       OnTabReplacedAt(replace->old_contents, replace->new_contents,
+                       replace->index);
++      if (is_hidden_) {
++        UnpinHiddenTabVisibility(replace->old_contents);
++        PinHiddenTabVisibility(replace->new_contents);
++      }
+       break;
+     }
+     case TabStripModelChange::kSelectionOnly:
+@@ -2298,6 +2327,11 @@ bool Browser::ShouldFocusLocationBarByDefault(WebContents* source) {
        source->GetController().GetPendingEntry()
            ? source->GetController().GetPendingEntry()
            : source->GetController().GetLastCommittedEntry();
@@ -22,7 +92,7 @@ index ca32d6faace3a..459c9597ea6f8 100644
    if (entry) {
      const GURL& url = entry->GetURL();
      const GURL& virtual_url = entry->GetVirtualURL();
-@@ -2310,15 +2316,18 @@ bool Browser::ShouldFocusLocationBarByDefault(WebContents* source) {
+@@ -2310,15 +2344,18 @@ bool Browser::ShouldFocusLocationBarByDefault(WebContents* source) {
           url.host() == chrome::kChromeUINewTabHost) ||
          (virtual_url.SchemeIs(content::kChromeUIScheme) &&
           virtual_url.host() == chrome::kChromeUINewTabHost)) {

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h b/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h
+index 6dead6a78a90f..03e58a1c1d2a0 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h
+@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
+ #include <vector>
+ 
+ #include "base/functional/callback.h"
++#include "base/containers/flat_map.h"
++#include "base/functional/callback_helpers.h"
+ #include "base/gtest_prod_util.h"
+ #include "base/memory/raw_ptr.h"
+ #include "base/memory/scoped_refptr.h"
+@@ -286,6 +288,12 @@ class Browser : public TabStripModelObserver,
+     // Whether this browser was created specifically for dragged tab(s).
+     bool in_tab_dragging = false;
+ 
++    // Create the window as hidden (invisible to the OS compositor: no taskbar
++    // entry, no Mission Control, no Alt-Tab). Used for offscreen agent
++    // contexts. Decided at construction; does not change over a Browser's
++    // lifetime.
++    bool hidden = false;
++
+     // Supply a custom BrowserWindow implementation, to be used instead of the
+     // default. Intended for testing. The resulting Browser takes ownership
+     // of `window`.
+@@ -467,6 +475,7 @@ class Browser : public TabStripModelObserver,
+   }
+ 
+   SessionID session_id() const { return session_id_; }
++  bool is_hidden() const { return is_hidden_; }
+   bool omit_from_session_restore() const { return omit_from_session_restore_; }
+   bool should_trigger_session_restore() const {
+     return should_trigger_session_restore_;
+@@ -1283,6 +1292,19 @@ class Browser : public TabStripModelObserver,
+   // restore.
+   bool omit_from_session_restore_ = false;
+ 
++  const bool is_hidden_;
++
++  // For hidden Browsers only: ScopedClosureRunners returned by
++  // WebContents::IncrementCapturerCount, keyed by WebContents*. Holding the
++  // runner pins Visibility::kVisible so pages in the hidden window behave as
++  // foreground (unthrottled rAF, playing video, live DOM). Drop the runner
++  // (on tab detach/remove or Browser destruction) to decrement the count.
++  base::flat_map<content::WebContents*, base::ScopedClosureRunner>
++      hidden_tab_pins_;
++
++  void PinHiddenTabVisibility(content::WebContents* web_contents);
++  void UnpinHiddenTabVisibility(content::WebContents* web_contents);
++
+   // If true, a new window opening should be treated like the start of a session
+   // (with potential session restore, startup URLs, etc.). Otherwise, don't
+   // restore the session.

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.cc
+index a7e0eb934caaa..5002a1cb3100c 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.cc
+@@ -154,6 +154,12 @@ bool BrowserMatches(BrowserWindowInterface* browser,
+     return false;
+   }
+ 
++  // Hidden Browsers are agent-owned scratch space; never pick them as a
++  // default target for user-initiated actions (new tabs, find-any, etc.).
++  if (browser->GetBrowserForMigrationOnly()->is_hidden()) {
++    return false;
++  }
++
+   return true;
+ }
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.cc
+index 0ff6437a325d1..3446dc27869fb 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.cc
+@@ -128,6 +128,21 @@ void BrowserList::RemoveObserver(BrowserListObserver* observer) {
+   observers_.Get().RemoveObserver(observer);
+ }
+ 
++bool ShouldShowBrowserInUserInterface(const Browser* browser) {
++  return browser && !browser->is_hidden();
++}
++
++// static
++BrowserList::BrowserVector BrowserList::GetUserVisibleBrowsers() {
++  BrowserVector result;
++  for (Browser* browser : GetInstance()->browsers_) {
++    if (ShouldShowBrowserInUserInterface(browser)) {
++      result.push_back(browser);
++    }
++  }
++  return result;
++}
++
+ // static
+ void BrowserList::SetLastActive(Browser* browser) {
+   BrowserList* instance = GetInstance();
+@@ -137,6 +152,12 @@ void BrowserList::SetLastActive(Browser* browser) {
+   DCHECK(browser->window())
+       << "SetLastActive called for a browser with no window set.";
+ 
++  // Hidden Browsers never become last-active — FindLastActive and
++  // default-new-tab resolution should always target user-visible windows.
++  if (browser->is_hidden()) {
++    return;
++  }
++
+   base::RecordAction(UserMetricsAction("ActiveBrowserChanged"));
+ 
+   RemoveBrowserFrom(browser, &instance->browsers_ordered_by_activation_);

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.h b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.h
+index a8f0e5b82d586..ac636aa584728 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.h
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_list.h
+@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ class Browser;
+ class BrowserWindowInterface;
+ class BrowserListObserver;
+ 
++// True if `browser` should appear in user-facing UI enumerations (tab search,
++// window menus, drag-drop candidates, extensions API, etc.). Returns false for
++// hidden Browsers — agent-owned workspaces that exist in BrowserList but are
++// not part of the user's visible windowing experience.
++bool ShouldShowBrowserInUserInterface(const Browser* browser);
++
+ // Maintains a list of Browser objects.
+ class BrowserList {
+  public:
+@@ -37,6 +43,11 @@ class BrowserList {
+ 
+   static BrowserList* GetInstance();
+ 
++  // Returns the BrowserList filtered to user-visible Browsers (see
++  // ShouldShowBrowserInUserInterface). Use this — instead of GetInstance() —
++  // at UI enumeration sites so hidden agent workspaces are excluded.
++  static BrowserVector GetUserVisibleBrowsers();
++
+   // Adds or removes |browser| from the list it is associated with. The browser
+   // object should be valid BEFORE these calls (for the benefit of observers),
+   // so notify and THEN delete the object.

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/browser_unittest.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_unittest.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_unittest.cc
+index 6a1925b7e1857..2797f54d2a6d2 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/browser_unittest.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/browser_unittest.cc
+@@ -265,6 +265,23 @@ TEST_F(BrowserUnitTest, CreateBrowserWithIncognitoModeEnabled) {
+   EXPECT_TRUE(otr_browser);
+ }
+ 
++TEST_F(BrowserUnitTest, IsHiddenReflectsCreateParams) {
++  Browser::CreateParams params(profile(), /*user_gesture=*/true);
++  params.hidden = true;
++  std::unique_ptr<BrowserWindow> hidden_window(CreateBrowserWindow());
++  params.window = hidden_window.release();
++  std::unique_ptr<Browser> browser =
++      Browser::DeprecatedCreateOwnedForTesting(params);
++  EXPECT_TRUE(browser->is_hidden());
++
++  Browser::CreateParams visible_params(profile(), /*user_gesture=*/true);
++  std::unique_ptr<BrowserWindow> visible_window(CreateBrowserWindow());
++  visible_params.window = visible_window.release();
++  std::unique_ptr<Browser> visible =
++      Browser::DeprecatedCreateOwnedForTesting(visible_params);
++  EXPECT_FALSE(visible->is_hidden());
++}
++
+ #if BUILDFLAG(IS_CHROMEOS)
+ TEST_F(BrowserUnitTest, CreateBrowserDuringKioskSplashScreen) {
+   // Setting up user manager state to be in kiosk mode:

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_ash.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_ash.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_ash.cc
+index e40416204fd90..0297c184a5938 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_ash.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_ash.cc
+@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ views::Widget::InitParams BrowserNativeWidgetAsh::GetWidgetParams(
+   params.context = ash::Shell::GetPrimaryRootWindow();
+ 
+   Browser* browser = browser_view_->browser();
++  params.headless = browser->is_hidden();
+   const int32_t restore_id = browser->create_params().restore_id;
+   params.init_properties_container.SetProperty(app_restore::kWindowIdKey,
+                                                browser->session_id().id());

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_aura.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_aura.cc b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_aura.cc
+index b4c409f8c0e43..5b77b13ca3024 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_aura.cc
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_aura.cc
+@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ views::Widget::InitParams BrowserNativeWidgetAura::GetWidgetParams(
+     views::Widget::InitParams::Ownership ownership) {
+   views::Widget::InitParams params(ownership);
+   params.native_widget = this;
++  if (browser_view_) {
++    params.headless = browser_view_->browser()->is_hidden();
++  }
+   return params;
+ }
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_mac.mm

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+diff --git a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_mac.mm b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_mac.mm
+index 1fa6bb2578622..b871faddd3e1a 100644
+--- a/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_mac.mm
++++ b/chrome/browser/ui/views/frame/browser_native_widget_mac.mm
+@@ -531,6 +531,9 @@ views::Widget::InitParams BrowserNativeWidgetMac::GetWidgetParams(
+     views::Widget::InitParams::Ownership ownership) {
+   views::Widget::InitParams params(ownership);
+   params.native_widget = this;
++  if (browser_view_) {
++    params.headless = browser_view_->browser()->is_hidden();
++  }
+   return params;
+ }
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/components/remote_cocoa/app_shim/native_widget_ns_window_bridge.mm

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+diff --git a/components/remote_cocoa/app_shim/native_widget_ns_window_bridge.mm b/components/remote_cocoa/app_shim/native_widget_ns_window_bridge.mm
+index b89085a51a169..13314d0803d4a 100644
+--- a/components/remote_cocoa/app_shim/native_widget_ns_window_bridge.mm
++++ b/components/remote_cocoa/app_shim/native_widget_ns_window_bridge.mm
+@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ void NativeWidgetNSWindowBridge::InitWindow(
+   is_translucent_window_ = params->is_translucent;
+   pending_restoration_data_ = params->state_restoration_data;
+ 
+-  if (display::Screen::Get()->IsHeadless()) {
++  if (params->is_headless || display::Screen::Get()->IsHeadless()) {
+     [window_ setIsHeadless:YES];
+   }
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/components/remote_cocoa/common/native_widget_ns_window.mojom

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+diff --git a/components/remote_cocoa/common/native_widget_ns_window.mojom b/components/remote_cocoa/common/native_widget_ns_window.mojom
+index 7387ef1852678..482f63d9f7f12 100644
+--- a/components/remote_cocoa/common/native_widget_ns_window.mojom
++++ b/components/remote_cocoa/common/native_widget_ns_window.mojom
+@@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ struct NativeWidgetNSWindowInitParams {
+   // If true, this window is functionally a tooltip, and shouldn't be presented
+   // as a new window to the accessibility system.
+   bool is_tooltip;
++  // If true, InitWindow installs the per-window headless swizzler so the
++  // NSWindow never appears in Dock, Mission Control, or Cmd-Tab.
++  bool is_headless;
+ };
+ 
+ // The visibility style of the toolbar in immersive fullscreen.

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/third_party/blink/public/devtools_protocol/domains/Browser.pdl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 diff --git a/third_party/blink/public/devtools_protocol/domains/Browser.pdl b/third_party/blink/public/devtools_protocol/domains/Browser.pdl
-index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
+index 6015a94554c21..0d94b009929f8 100644
 --- a/third_party/blink/public/devtools_protocol/domains/Browser.pdl
 +++ b/third_party/blink/public/devtools_protocol/domains/Browser.pdl
 @@ -8,6 +8,16 @@
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
  
    # The state of the browser window.
    experimental type WindowState extends string
-@@ -31,6 +41,228 @@ domain Browser
+@@ -31,6 +41,212 @@ domain Browser
        # The window state. Default to normal.
        optional WindowState windowState
  
@@ -90,14 +90,6 @@ index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
 +    parameters
 +      WindowID windowId
 +
-+  experimental command showWindow
-+    parameters
-+      WindowID windowId
-+
-+  experimental command hideWindow
-+    parameters
-+      WindowID windowId
-+
 +  # --- Tab Management ---
 +  # Commands that operate on a single tab accept both targetId and tabId.
 +  # Exactly one must be provided.
@@ -129,7 +121,6 @@ index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
 +      optional integer index
 +      optional boolean background
 +      optional boolean pinned
-+      optional boolean hidden
 +      optional BrowserContextID browserContextId
 +    returns
 +      TabInfo tab
@@ -184,13 +175,6 @@ index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
 +    returns
 +      TabInfo tab
 +
-+  experimental command hideTab
-+    parameters
-+      optional Target.TargetID targetId
-+      optional TabID tabId
-+    returns
-+      TabInfo tab
-+
 +  # --- Tab Group Management ---
 +
 +  # Get all tab groups across all windows (or a specific window).
@@ -248,7 +232,7 @@ index 6015a94554c21..a25c14c912689 100644
    experimental type PermissionType extends string
      enum
        ar
-@@ -294,6 +526,28 @@ domain Browser
+@@ -294,6 +510,28 @@ domain Browser
        # position and size are returned.
        Bounds bounds
  

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+diff --git a/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.cc b/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.cc
+index 7af34829238f6..6cd3c5035825b 100644
+--- a/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.cc
++++ b/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.cc
+@@ -366,6 +366,14 @@ void X11Window::Initialize(PlatformWindowInitProperties properties) {
+     window_properties_.insert(x11::GetAtom("_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_TASKBAR"));
+   }
+ 
++  // Headless windows are agent-owned — never surface in taskbar, pager, or
++  // window-switcher even if a WM ignores the unmap (see Show()).
++  is_headless_ = properties.headless;
++  if (is_headless_) {
++    window_properties_.insert(x11::GetAtom("_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_TASKBAR"));
++    window_properties_.insert(x11::GetAtom("_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_PAGER"));
++  }
++
+   // If the window should stay on top of other windows, add the
+   // _NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE property.
+   is_always_on_top_ = properties.keep_on_top;
+@@ -491,6 +499,15 @@ void X11Window::Show(bool inactive) {
+     return;
+   }
+ 
++  if (is_headless_) {
++    // Headless: the XWindow stays unmapped so no WM sees it. Notify the
++    // delegate as if we mapped so the content compositor runs and paints.
++    window_mapped_in_client_ = true;
++    platform_window_delegate_->OnWindowStateChanged(
++        PlatformWindowState::kUnknown, PlatformWindowState::kNormal);
++    return;
++  }
++
+   Map(inactive);
+ }
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff --git a/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.h b/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.h
+index f744189f0aa26..ad022d7303ccf 100644
+--- a/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.h
++++ b/ui/ozone/platform/x11/x11_window.h
+@@ -428,6 +428,11 @@ class X11Window : public PlatformWindow,
+   // True if the window is security-sensitive. Implies |is_always_on_top_|.
+   bool is_security_surface_ = false;
+ 
++  // Mirrors PlatformWindowInitProperties::headless. When true the XWindow is
++  // created but never mapped: _NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_TASKBAR + SKIP_PAGER hints
++  // ensure no WM surface, Show() is a no-op at the X level.
++  bool is_headless_ = false;
++
+   // True if the window is fully obscured by another window.
+   bool is_occluded_ = false;
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/platform_window/platform_window_init_properties.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+diff --git a/ui/platform_window/platform_window_init_properties.h b/ui/platform_window/platform_window_init_properties.h
+index fe72bc821b0f7..f90b6cc15e2b6 100644
+--- a/ui/platform_window/platform_window_init_properties.h
++++ b/ui/platform_window/platform_window_init_properties.h
+@@ -158,6 +158,13 @@ struct COMPONENT_EXPORT(PLATFORM_WINDOW) PlatformWindowInitProperties {
+   bool enable_compositing_based_throttling = false;
+ 
+   size_t compositor_memory_limit_mb = 0;
++
++  // When true, the native window is created but never mapped/shown to the
++  // OS compositor. Used by BrowserOS agent hidden windows: compositor still
++  // runs (so pages render, screenshots work), but WM/taskbar/overview never
++  // see it. On X11: SKIP_TASKBAR + SKIP_PAGER hints, XUnmapWindow. On
++  // Wayland: not yet supported.
++  bool headless = false;
+ };
+ 
+ }  // namespace ui

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/cocoa/native_widget_mac_ns_window_host.mm

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/cocoa/native_widget_mac_ns_window_host.mm b/ui/views/cocoa/native_widget_mac_ns_window_host.mm
+index e40d0d5be1c48..0f4940de7214b 100644
+--- a/ui/views/cocoa/native_widget_mac_ns_window_host.mm
++++ b/ui/views/cocoa/native_widget_mac_ns_window_host.mm
+@@ -475,6 +475,7 @@ void NativeWidgetMacNSWindowHost::InitWindow(
+     window_params->is_translucent =
+         params.opacity == Widget::InitParams::WindowOpacity::kTranslucent;
+     window_params->is_tooltip = is_tooltip;
++    window_params->is_headless = params.headless;
+ 
+     // macOS likes to put shadows on most things. However, frameless windows
+     // (with styleMask = NSWindowStyleMaskBorderless) default to no shadow. So

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_platform.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_platform.cc b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_platform.cc
+index 17476127a1b05..7c56e3c4a290e 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_platform.cc
++++ b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_platform.cc
+@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ ui::PlatformWindowInitProperties ConvertWidgetInitParamsToInitProperties(
+   properties.workspace = params.workspace;
+   properties.opacity = GetPlatformWindowOpacity(params.opacity);
+   properties.shadow_type = GetPlatformWindowShadowType(params.shadow_type);
++  properties.headless = params.headless;
+ 
+   if (params.parent && params.parent->GetHost()) {
+     properties.parent_widget = params.parent->GetHost()->GetAcceleratedWidget();

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.cc b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.cc
+index 3a02cb67eb114..41503dadbfbab 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.cc
++++ b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.cc
+@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ void DesktopWindowTreeHostWin::FinishTouchDrag(gfx::Point screen_point) {
+ // DesktopWindowTreeHostWin, DesktopWindowTreeHost implementation:
+ 
+ void DesktopWindowTreeHostWin::Init(const Widget::InitParams& params) {
++  is_headless_ = params.headless;
+   wm::SetAnimationHost(content_window(), this);
+   if (params.type == Widget::InitParams::TYPE_WINDOW &&
+       !params.remove_standard_frame) {
+@@ -313,6 +314,13 @@ void DesktopWindowTreeHostWin::Show(ui::mojom::WindowShowState show_state,
+                                     const gfx::Rect& restore_bounds) {
+   OnAcceleratedWidgetMadeVisible(true);
+ 
++  if (is_headless_) {
++    // Headless: keep the aura side "visible" (so compositor runs + WebContents
++    // sees a shown widget), but never call ShowWindow(SW_SHOW*) on the HWND.
++    content_window()->Show();
++    return;
++  }
++
+   gfx::Rect pixel_restore_bounds;
+   if (show_state == ui::mojom::WindowShowState::kMaximized) {
+     // The window parameter is intentionally passed as nullptr because a

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.h b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.h
+index b65ced55f997d..8f9aecfc0fee7 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.h
++++ b/ui/views/widget/desktop_aura/desktop_window_tree_host_win.h
+@@ -349,6 +349,12 @@ class VIEWS_EXPORT DesktopWindowTreeHostWin
+   // True if the window is allow to take screenshots, by default is true.
+   bool allow_screenshots_ = true;
+ 
++  // Honors Widget::InitParams::headless: the HWND is created but never
++  // transitioned to visible via ShowWindow(SW_SHOW*), so the OS compositor
++  // (taskbar, Alt-Tab, Task View, peek preview) doesn't see it. The aura
++  // side still transitions to visible so the content compositor runs.
++  bool is_headless_ = false;
++
+   // Visibility of the cursor. On Windows we can have multiple root windows and
+   // the implementation of ::ShowCursor() is based on a counter, so making this
+   // member static ensures that ::ShowCursor() is always called exactly once

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/widget.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/widget.h b/ui/views/widget/widget.h
+index fe512d76f83fa..14493c081492f 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/widget.h
++++ b/ui/views/widget/widget.h
+@@ -504,6 +504,14 @@ class VIEWS_EXPORT Widget : public internal::NativeWidgetDelegate,
+     // If true then the widget uses software compositing.
+     bool force_software_compositing = false;
+ 
++    // When true, the native widget is created without OS-visible presence
++    // (no taskbar entry, no Mission Control, no Alt-Tab) while keeping the
++    // compositor path alive. Honored per-platform by native widget
++    // implementations (Mac swizzler, Windows WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW + never-show,
++    // X11 unmapped-with-skip-taskbar). Decided at construction; never
++    // transitions.
++    bool headless = false;
++
+     // If set, the window size will follow the content preferred size.
+     bool autosize = false;
+ 

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/widget_hwnd_utils.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/widget_hwnd_utils.cc b/ui/views/widget/widget_hwnd_utils.cc
+index 55e5b8a832c9c..ad41487c91e58 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/widget_hwnd_utils.cc
++++ b/ui/views/widget/widget_hwnd_utils.cc
+@@ -56,6 +56,14 @@ WindowStyles CalculateWindowStylesFromInitParams(
+   if (params.activatable == Widget::InitParams::Activatable::kNo) {
+     styles.ex_style |= WS_EX_NOACTIVATE;
+   }
++  // Headless: belt-and-suspenders — even though the HWND is never shown
++  // (see DesktopWindowTreeHostWin::Show), mark it as a tool window and
++  // non-activating so that any accidental surface from the OS compositor
++  // has no taskbar/Alt-Tab presence.
++  if (params.headless) {
++    styles.ex_style |= WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW;
++    styles.ex_style |= WS_EX_NOACTIVATE;
++  }
+   if (params.EffectiveZOrderLevel() != ui::ZOrderLevel::kNormal) {
+     styles.ex_style |= WS_EX_TOPMOST;
+   }

packages/browseros/chromium_patches/ui/views/widget/widget_unittest.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+diff --git a/ui/views/widget/widget_unittest.cc b/ui/views/widget/widget_unittest.cc
+index 9467ff86dfabb..b6d136d5f27bc 100644
+--- a/ui/views/widget/widget_unittest.cc
++++ b/ui/views/widget/widget_unittest.cc
+@@ -264,6 +264,14 @@ TEST_F(WidgetTest, WidgetInitParams) {
+   EXPECT_EQ(Widget::InitParams::WindowOpacity::kInferred, init1.opacity);
+ }
+ 
++TEST_F(WidgetTest, HeadlessInitParamDefaultsFalse) {
++  Widget::InitParams params(Widget::InitParams::CLIENT_OWNS_WIDGET,
++                            Widget::InitParams::TYPE_WINDOW);
++  EXPECT_FALSE(params.headless);
++  params.headless = true;
++  EXPECT_TRUE(params.headless);
++}
++
+ // Tests that the internal name is propagated through widget initialization to
+ // the native widget and back.
+ class WidgetWithCustomParamsTest : public WidgetTest {

packages/browseros/resources/BROWSEROS_VERSION

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 BROWSEROS_MAJOR=0
 BROWSEROS_MINOR=45
 BROWSEROS_BUILD=0
-BROWSEROS_PATCH=1
+BROWSEROS_PATCH=2